1. Switzerland
   Norway
2. Estonia
   Italy

King Harald Harfager of Denmark conquered Norway in 970. Norway and Sweden were unified in 1319, and in 1380, Denmark and Norway were consolidated with Copenhagen as the undisputed capital of the Danish-Norwegian territory.

1. Norway
   Finland
2. Spain
   Germany

Easy-to-prepare rouladen is a classic German dish of rolled cuts of meat. Preheat your oven to 300 degrees Fahrenheit, then fry the rolled meat with oil in a frying pan. Remove the pan juices, cover the pan with foil, then bake for two hours. Thicken the juices with flour and serve with the meat.

1. Denmark
   France
2. Albania
   Bulgaria

There is a traditional code of living in Albania called Kanun. All clanspeople are expected to adhere at all times to these ethical laws that strongly encourage citizenry to safeguard any citizen, friend or foe, who seeks protection.

1. Greece
   Slovenia
2. France
   Poland

Napolean Bonaparte often suffered chronic symptoms of stress while he and his troops engaged in fierce battle. Specifically, during the Leipzig and Dresden campaigns, he experienced vomiting and severe stomach pain.

1. Iceland
   Serbia
2. Italy
   Austria

In A.D. 70, Emperor Vespasian decreed construction of the Roman Colosseum, which is an amphitheater of Flavian distinction. When the grand project was completed in A.D. 80, Titus sanctioned its commencement with a 100-day celebration.

1. The Netherlands
   Malta
2. Ireland
   Latvia

Sint Eustatius is a Netherlands municipality located among the northern Leeward Islands in the Eastern Caribbean. The small island has a population of 3,200 people and stretches approximately eight square miles.

1. Albania
   Sweden
2. Switzerland
   Netherlands

For more than 140 years, the Swiss have been the chocolate innovators of the world. In spite of the vast chocolate selection the Swiss have managed to figure out, the United States produces more chocolate annually.

1. Poland
   Denmark
2. Belgium
   Scotland

The Warsaw Convention, or the "Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air," was proposed in October of 1929 during a conference in Warsaw, Poland. The proposal aimed to promote growth and safety within the international aviation industry.

1. Spain
   Malta
2. Ukraine
   Italy

The Maltese Islands are situated in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, roughly 60 miles from the coast of southern Sicily, Italy. Malta is the largest of the islands; Comino and Gozo are other uninhabited islands.

1. Romania
   Luxembourg
2. Greece
   Croatia

There are 227 islands inhabited of the 600 island structures of various sizes that surface the Ionian and Aegean Seas. Aegean Sea islands are classified into seven categories: Dodecanese, Crete, Northeastern Aegean Islands, Cyclades, Islands of Argosaronic, Evia, and Sporades.

1. Serbia
   Portugal
2. Moldova
   Belarus

Kalemegdan is a popular tourist attraction in Serbia. The complex includes Belgrade Fortress and Kalemegdan Park. The Serbs took over the area in the 7th century, giving it the name "Beograd."

1. Greece
   Poland
2. Slovenia
   Latvia

Before the country gained independence in 1991, Slovenia was included in the former Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). When the Iron Curtain fell, Slovenia was the wealthiest component of the SFRY, having established the strongest financial ties with Western markets.

1. Lithuania
   Malta
2. Serbia
   Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein is the fourth smallest country in Europe, measuring 62 square miles. The country is comprised of the Rhein Valley region, which includes its capital, Vaduz, and mountainous terrain full of greenery during the summer and spring, but snow-filled throughout other seasons.

1. Romania
   Austria
2. Ireland
   Belarus

Carrauntoohil is Ireland's highest mountain peak in County, Kerry, in the country's southwest region. The peak rests among Macgillycuddy's Reeks Range near Killarney National Park's perimeter.

1. Latvia
   Scotland
2. Iceland
   Slovenia

Rupjmaize is a whole-grain black rye bread that originates in Latvia. The bread is often paired with strong cheeses and smoked fish. The bread has been a staple food of the Latvian diet since the early 20th century.

1. Netherlands
   Sweden
2. Greece
   Moldova

Sweden's Lake Vanern is the largest freshwater lake in the European Union. The lake spans 5,650 square kilometers and has a coastline that measures 4,800 kilometers. Lake Vanern includes more than 22,000 island structures.

1. Lithuania
   Portugal
2. Iceland
   Serbia

Althing is the name of Iceland's parliament. It was founded circa 930 and is one of the oldest governing bodies in the world. In early times, 39 Icelandic chieftains converged to ratify laws, plot expeditions to foreign lands and formally acknowledge marriages, among other matters.

1. Germany
   Luxembourg
2. Finland
   France

For much of the 18th century, Luxembourg was controlled by Austrian Habsburgs before the French Republic seized power in 1795. Then in 1815, the territory was absorbed into the German Confederation. The London Conference of 1867 designated it a region of "perpetual neutrality."

1. Denmark
   Belgium
2. Estonia
   Romania

In 1948, a law was passed in Romania suppressing the reach and influence of the Romanian Greek Catholic Church. The church's governing body was absorbed into the Romanian Orthodox Church, its rival. The Greek Catholic Church's property was placed under communist state ownership.

1. Austria
   Germany
2. Italy
   Norway

In 1955, a State Treaty recognized Austria's independence and a subsequent constitutional law affirmed the country's "perpetual neutrality." Austria entered the European Union in 1995.

1. Norway
   Scotland
2. Greece
   Malta

The Forth Railway Bridge, which straddles Scotland's Firth River in Queensferry, was the first all-steel cantilever bridge that stretched for miles and was the world's longest bridge when it first opened in the 1880s. The bridge is featured in Alfred Hitchcock's 1935 film, "The 39 Steps."

1. Spain
   Slovenia
2. Austria
   Croatia

Catalonia is Spain's autonomous region situated in the Iberian Peninsula's northeast zone. The community includes Tarragona, Barcelona, Lerida, and Gerona provinces. Approximately 6 million people live in Catalonia, which constitutes roughly 16 percent of Spain's total population.

1. Portugal
   Lithuania
2. Ukraine
   Sweden

Ukraine's territory measures 232,200 square miles, roughly the size of Britain and Germany combined. The country's geographical landscape consists mostly of plateaus and low-lying plains.

1. Poland
   Estonia
2. Portugal
   Belarus

Saaremaa is Estonia's largest island. It measures 2,673 square kilometers. Roughly 15,000 citizens live in the island's capital, Kuressaare. Each year, Estonia produces an elaborate festival called "Opera Days" which is staged at Kuressaare Castle.

1. Iceland
   Denmark
2. Germany
   Bulgaria

Bulgaria is situated on the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula, and the Black Sea rims its eastern border. The country's capital city is Sofia. Between 1990 and 1999, Bulgaria had eight governments.

1. Belarus
   Estonia
2. Greece
   Croatia

Belarus gained independence in 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed. President John F. Kennedy's assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, lived in Minsk, the capital city of Belarus, between 1960 and 1962.

1. Belarus
   Lithuania
2. Romania
   Liechtenstein

The remains of the first humans to walk the region known as Lithuania date back to 10th century B.C. Lithuania emerged as a state in the 12th century. Mindaugas was crowned king of the territory on July 6, 1253.

1. France
   Germany
2. Denmark
   Norway

Copenhagen, Denmark's capital city, is home to Hotel D'Angleterre, a five-star luxury hotel with a rich history that spans more than 250 years. Denmark's literary master, Hans Christian Andersen, stayed at the hotel, as well as Winston Churchill, Michael Jackson, Walt Disney and Bill Clinton.

1. Belgium
   Iceland
2. Serbia
   Portugal

Belgian-controlled Ruanda-Urundi are the east African nations Rwanda and Burundi. Belgium administered the twin territory between 1922 and 1962. Although Belgium is a small European country, the nation wielded tremendous colonial power on the African continent for much of the 20th century.

1. Hungary
   Spain
2. Finland
   Portugal

The Soviet Union and Finland entered a 1948 agreement called the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance, which laid out Finland's desire for neutrality. Yet, the presence of Soviet forces stationed at the Porkkala naval base muted this aspiration until the military's 1956 withdrawal.

1. France
   Albania
2. Italy
   Portugal

Lisbon, Portugal's capital city, is intersected by the Tagus River, which is the longest river on the Iberian Peninsula. Lisbon is one of the few places in Europe where the sun shines for nearly 300 days a year.

1. England
   Serbia
2. Estonia
   Moldova

Big Ben is England's world-famous tower clock. Sir Charles Barry designed the clock, which was finished in 1854. The first bell weighed 2 tons more than was expected and it developed a crack that measured 4 feet during testing. The defective bell was re-molded and cast into another.

1. Switzerland
   Denmark
2. France
   Hungary

Hungary has had a strong Armenian presence that dates back prior to the start of the first Hungarian Kingdom roughly 1,000 years ago. During King Stephan's rule between 1001 and 1038, Armenians primarily occupied the area of primal Transylvania.

1. Scotland
   Croatia
2. Spain
   Serbia

Samobor is a quaint resort town 15 miles west of Croatia's capital city of Zagreb. The town's history dates back to the mid-13th century. Crystal-cutting is a local trade there with well-established roots.

1. Moldova
   Ireland
2. Liechtenstein
   Iceland

Moldova is a small Eastern European country locked between the Ukraine and Romania. In 1812, the Russian Empire annexed Moldova. In 1918, Moldova reunited with the Romanian territory it shared during the Middle Ages. In 1940, Russia re-annexed the country, which gained independence in 1991.