1. Pull. Aim. Squeeze. Sweep.
   Plan for Achieving Self-Support
2. Personal Alert Safety System
   Procurement Automated Source System

PASS is an acronym to remind you to pull, aim, squeeze and sweep when using a fire extinguisher in the event of a fire. Most portable fire extinguishers work according to these directions.

1. Between 10 and 40 breaths per minute
   Between 30 and 60 breaths per minute
2. Between 18 and 30 breaths per minute
   Between 12 and 60 breaths per minute

An infant’s respiratory rate is an important assessment that should be made early in the primary assessment process should the infant be saved from a fire. The normal breathing rate of an infant ranges between 30 and 60 breaths each minute.

1. Calibration Problem Report
   Crash Pulse Recorder
2. Civil Procedure Rules
   Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

CPR is an acronym for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This is an emergency procedure during which a person creates artificial circulation through chest compression, pumping blood through the heart and by breathing for the victim via artificial respiration.

1. Between 10 and 40 breaths per minute
   Between 18 and 30 breaths per minute
2. Between 12 and 60 breaths per minute
   Between 12 and 20 breaths per minute

The normal breathing rate for an adult is 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Anything under 12 or above 25 breaths per minute while resting is considered irregular.

1. Hazardous waste
   Hazard
2. Hazardous material
   Hazardous materials table

Hazmat is an abbreviation for hazardous materials. These include toxic materials that pose a threat to humans or the environment.

1. Radial artery
   Carotid artery
2. Brachial artery
   Femoral artery

The brachial artery's pulse can be felt on the elbow's front side. This is why you check your blood pressure, by placing the pressure meter in that area.

1. 30 to 60 beats per minute
   60 to 100 beats per minute
2. Less than 30 beats per minute
   Over 100 beats per minute

A normal pulse rate for a healthy adult at rest ranges from 60 to 80 beats per minute. Women tend to have faster pulse rates than men.

1. Social Cost-Benefit Analysis
   Small Cable Business Association
2. Self-Consistent Born Approximation
   Self-contained Breathing Apparatus

SCBA is an acronym for self-contained breathing apparatus that supplies a firefighter with breathable air when they are in a toxic atmosphere. It can also be referred to as an air pack.

1. The circulatory system
   The central nervous system
2. Brain function
   The lungs

Blood pressure measures the force the blood exerts on the walls of arteries. Therefore, when checking the blood pressure, this provides a functional status of the circulatory system.

1. Power Processor Element
   Personal Protective Equipment
2. Preparticipation Physical Evaluation
   Paper. Print. Environment.

PPE is an acronym for personal protective equipment. It is the special clothing firefighters wear to protect themselves from smoke, heat and flames.

1. Greater than 170/120
   150-70/90-120
2. 100-150/60-80
   80-110/40-60

Knowing the blood pressure can give an accurate reading of the circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. This can help save a victim’s live.

1. Hypotension
   Kidney malfunction
2. Obesity
   Stress

High blood pressure is associated with a lot of things, except hypotension. Hypertension is the associated term.

1. Process Action Team
   Physical Ability Test
2. Portable Appliance Test
   Pre-Admission Testing

PAT is an acronym for physical ability test. This is a timed exam that evaluates the physical fitness of candidates, including strength, endurance and flexibility.

1. Finger sweep
   Push and pull
2. Abdominal thrust
   Head tilt-chin lift

This is a first aid procedure used when a victim is chocking. Locate the navel, make a fist with the other hand, above the navel and below the tip of the breastbone. Finish with upward thrusts to expel the object stuck in the airway.

1. Deliver five back blows with the heel of one hand
   Apply chest compressions using the heel of one hand
2. Shift the infant to a supine position on your arm
   Place the infant face-down while holding on your arm

An infant’s chest is still developing. Using force, even with the heel of one hand, could be too abrupt for a small body.

1. Mouth-to-nose resuscitation
   Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
2. Mouth-to-mask ventilation
   Mouth-to-mouth respiration

Today, mouth-to-mouth ventilation is a common practiced used by firefighters during emergency situations. Before performing this, skills must first be practiced on a mannequin for CPR practice.

1. One second per breath
   Two seconds per breath
2. Three seconds per breath
   Four seconds per breath

This technique requires the rescuer to breathe for the person. This prevents brain damage and, ultimately, death.

1. CPR
   Back blows
2. Abdominal thrusts
   Finger sweeps

The first thing a responder should do when encountering a victim without a pulse is provide CPR. Immediate CPR can help increase the chance of survival.

1. One to two minutes
   Two to four minutes
2. Four to six minutes
   Eight to twelve minutes

The brain can survive for up to six minutes without oxygen. After this time frame, the brain begins to die.

1. Broken bone victims
   Hemorrhaging victims
2. Eye injury victims
   Cardiac arrest victims

CPR should be administered by first responders on victims of cardiac arrest. This procedure combines chest compressions with artificial ventilation in order to help the brain function until more help arrives to the scene.

1. Adults
   Senior citizens
2. Children younger than 8 years old
   Infants younger than 1 year of age

The AED is usually not utilized on infants younger than 1 year of age. This equipment is too severe for a small, fragile body such as that of an infant.

1. Lift the arms and shoulders of the victim
   Use the head tilt-chin lift technique
2. Provide rescue breathing
   Use manual head stabilization

If a victim has sustained a suspected neck injury, the manual head stabilization technique should be performed. This will position the victim’s head in line with the body.

1. Basket stretcher
   Wheeled stretcher
2. Scoop stretcher
   Portable stretcher

A basket stretcher is used to vertically remove a victim stuck a confined space. This protects the patient from lateral collisions.

1. Muscle and bone layer
   Subcutaneous layer
2. Dermis layer
   Epidermis layer

The middle layer of the skin is known as the dermis layer. Hair follicles, sweat glands and more are present in this layer.

1. Bandages
   Dry, sterile dressing
2. Splints
   Ice packs

If a victim has hand or feet burns, you should separate fingers and toes with dry, sterile dressing. These are easy to take care of and change.

1. 1 percent
   9 percent
2. 18 percent
   25 percent

The head of an adult accounts for 9 percent of the body when determining the extent of a burn using the rule of nines. That’s still a big chunk.

1. Seizures
   Cold skin
2. Dilated pupils
   Inconsistent breathing and pulse

Cold skin is not a sign of a heat stroke. In fact, you’re likely to have dilated pupils or seizures if you experience a heat stroke.

1. 26 percent
   11 percent
2. 6 percent
   15 percent

Wet wood is generally more difficult to ignite then dry wood. At a minimum, wood that has a moisture content rising above 11 percent is very difficult to ignite.

1. Mohair
   Rayon
2. Polyester
   Wool

Mohair is an example of plant fiber. This is important to create fabric that protects firefighters.

1. Class A
   Class C
2. Class D
   Class K

Combustible metals are classified as Class D fuels. As an example, these include titanium, magnesium, aluminum and potassium.

1. Class A
   Class B
2. Class D
   Class K

Liquids that burn are classified as Class B type of fuels. Examples of these include petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil-based paints and alcohols.

1. Less than 70°F
   Less than 100°F
2. 100°F or more
   102°F or more

A liquid is classified as a combustible if it has a flashpoint of 100ºF or more. This ranges all the way up to 200°F.

1. Toxic
   Inert
2. Flammable
   Reactive

Helium is an example of an inert gas. Other noble gasses are Xenon and Neon.

1. Fluorine
   Argon
2. Nitrogen
   Hydrogen cyanide

Argon is an example of a reactive gas. This, too, is a noble gas and it is the third most abundant in our Earth’s atmosphere.

1. The transfer of heat energy through a circulating medium
   The transfer of heat energy through a solid via molecular motion
2. The transfer of heat energy through infrared/ultraviolet rays
   The transfer of heat energy through water

Conduction is the transfer of heat energy through a solid via molecular motion. In conduction, energy still flows through a material without it moving at all.