1. Operation Iraqi Freedom
   Operation Desert Storm
2. Operation Desert Shield

The Persian Gulf War began on Jan. 17, 1991, with the offensive known as Operation Desert Storm. The buildup of troops in the Middle East in the previous months was dubbed Operation Desert Shield.

1. six months
   seven months
2. eight months

Desert Shield was the U.S. and coalition buildup of air and naval forces, and enforcing sanctions in the Middle East that lasted six months prior to Desert Storm.

1. Colin Powell
   Dick Cheney
2. James Baker

Dick Cheney was secretary of defense for President George H.W. Bush during the Gulf War.

1. Pakistan
   Iran
2. Kuwait

Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation of neighboring Kuwait in early August 1990, sparking alarm in neighboring countries and the eventual U.S.-led offensive.

1. August 1990 and January 1991
   September 1990 and January 1991
2. August 1990 and February 1991

Iraq forces occupied Kuwait between August 1990 and January 1991, systematically committing heinous crimes against the Law of Armed Conflict as outlined in the Geneva and Hague Conventions.

1. true
2. false

Saddam Hussein refused, and three days later, Saudi Arabia's King Fahd met with Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney to request U.S. military assistance.

1. 28
   42
2. 65

After 42 days of attacks by the allied coalition in the air and on the ground, U.S. President George H.W. Bush declared a cease-fire 42 days after the offensive began.

1. Saudi Arabia, France and the Soviet Union
   Egypt, Jordan and Israel
2. Yemen, Pakistan and Afghanistan

By January 1991, there were more than 750,000 coalition forces, including 540,000 U.S. personnel and forces from Britain, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, Japan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.

1. Operation Desert Eagle
   Operation Desert Sabre
2. Operation Desert Warrior

Operation Desert Sabre shifted the focus of the coalition's air attacks toward Iraqi ground forces in Kuwait and southern Iraq, and within four days, coalition forces defeated the Iraqis and liberated Kuwait.

1. yes
2. no

Absolutely not. Hussein surrendered and accepted new peace terms, agreeing only to recognize Kuwait’s sovereignty and get rid of all its weapons of mass destruction. But he remained in power.

1. 158
   279
2. 383

An estimated 100,000 Iraqi troops died in the Gulf war; 383 American troops were killed.

1. Kurds and Shiites
   Sunnis and Shiites
2. Shiite Marsh Arabs

In the aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the North of Iraq and Shiites in the South.

1. email
   secure fax lines
2. teleconferences

Teleconferences saved many hours of travel time, because high-ranking officials could communicate and display charts through cameras and television screens.

1. 297
   302
2. 307

Desert Storm marked the first coordinated Tomahawk and manned-aircraft strike in history. There were 297 Tomahawks fired during the Gulf War, 282 successfully. (Nine failed to leave the tube, and six fell into the water after leaving the tube).

1. surface-to-air missile sites
   bridges and other roads
2. military housing

Tomahawks were used to destroy surface-to-air missile sites, command and control centers and electrical power facilities.

1. true
2. false

The estimate from the Department of Defense was actually $61 billion

1. true
2. false

The attack was known as Operation Desert Fox and was in response to Saddam Hussein's refusal to cooperate with United Nations weapons inspectors.

1. Iran-Iraq War
   Arab-Israeli conflict
2. Kurdish–Turkey conflict

Iraq owed $80 million in foreign debt from its 1980-88 war with Iran. Saddam Hussein demanded Saudi Arabia and Kuwait forgive $30 billion in Iraqi debt, which he saw as a result of protecting Kuwait from Shiite Iranian forces for eight years. He also accused Kuwait of stealing Iraqi oil.

1. true
2. false

True. Iraq's army had 1 million men in 1991, but only a third of those were skilled forces.

1. Ali Hassan al-Majid (aka Chemical Ali)
   Mohammed Saeed al-Sahhaf
2. Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri

Ali Hassan al-Majid (aka Chemical Ali) was named governor of Kuwait.

1. true
2. false

Iraqi forces were charged with torturing civilians to death and the point of disfigurement. Iraqi troops also tortured prisoners of war.

1. 200
   450
2. 600

Iraq set more than 600 oil fires that destroyed 85 percent of Kuwaiti oil wells. An estimated 1 billion barrels worth $2.8 billion were destroyed.

1. The coalition wasn't strong enough to take Baghdad.
   He was following the U.N. mandate.
2. Iraq's Elite Republican Guard controlled the city.

President Bush didn't send troops into Baghdad because he was abiding by the U.N. mandate. Once coalition forces expelled the Iraqi army from Kuwait by the end of February, President Bush halted all offensive operations.

1. ABC
   CNN
2. NBC

News organizations around the world carried Bernie Shaw's live reporting on CNN the first night of the Gulf War.

1. true
2. false

Schwarzkopf commanded a coalition of 670,000 personnel from 28 countries, along with combined naval and air forces, with 425,000 troops from the United States.

1. Israel
   Pakistan
2. Iran

Israel was not part of the Gulf War coalition, yet Saddam Hussein continued to launch Scud missiles into Israeli cities in hopes of drawing Israel into the conflict.

1. true
2. false

April 11 is when the United Nations declared an end to hostilities. Iraq signed the official cease-fire agreement on April 6, 1991.

1. Operation Desert Farewell
   Operation Desert Sendoff
2. Operation Desert Departure

Operation Desert Farewell was the mission sending home American forces.

1. true
2. false

More than 540,000 troops came home beginning on March 10, 1991, while many stayed behind to enforce the no-fly zones.

1. true
2. false

Thousands of troops paraded down Broadway.