1. Birdland
   The Blue Note
2. Arthur's Tavern
   The Jazz Standard

While all of these jazz venues are venerable establishments, the Jazz Standard has only been around since the late 1990s, The Blue Note has only been around since the early 1980s, and while Birdland opened in 1949, Arthur's Tavern was opened in the mid-1930s, giving it the oldest claim in the city that never sleeps.

1. The piano
   The sax
2. The clarinet
   The oboe

John Coltrane, who led over fifty recording sessions and played on many other artists' albums, was famed for his mastery of the saxophone. He set the standard for the instrument.

1. Adam
   John
2. David
   Paul

Dizzy Gillespie, born John Birks Gillespie, is one of the undisputed jazz greats to emerge from the Big Apple.

1. Alton, IL
   St. Louis, MS
2. Elizabeth, NJ
   Bronx, NY

Alton, Illinois is the hometown of Miles Davis, who would later be accepted to Juliard, which he would leave to perform in Charlie Parker's band, and go on to become one of the greatest jazz musicians of all time.

1. Harlem, Manhattan
   Riverdale, Bronx
2. Corona, Queens
   Williamsburg, Brooklyn

Settling into New York City with his (then) new wife, Armstrong moved to Corona Queens, where he'd own a house for the rest of his days.

1. Army
   Navy
2. Marines
   Air Force

John Coltrane volunteered for the Navy in WW2, to avoid being drafted into the Army. He was sent to Pearl Harbor. His talent was recognized by an all-white band in the Navy called The Melody Masters, who played swing music on the base. Of course, to keep his membership sub rosa in a time when an integrated military band would be frowned on, he was billed only as a guest performer.

1. MacDougal Street
   106th Street
2. Waverly Place
   123rd Street

106th street was renamed Duke Ellington Boulevard because of a compromise reached in 1977 between the city and the Duke Ellington Society. The city wanted to name a street in Harlem for him, and the Duke Ellington Society wanted to name a street next to Lincoln Center after him. The compromise was 106th street, a cross-street in The Bloomingdale section of the west side, where Ellington owned a couple houses his family members lived in.

1. Hipsters
   Beatnicks
2. Jazz practitioners of contrafact.
   Hippies

While Charlie Parker was influential both for the specifics of his technique and for his manner, which changed the way people saw jazz musicians, he died well before the Hippie movement got underway, and had no influence on it in his lifetime.

1. Liner notes
   The term "moldy figs"
2. Bebop
   Fusion jazz

Charlie Parker moved to NYC in 1939, and by 1942, he was playing with the greats of his generation. While working on Cherokee in the studio, he realized a quirk of the chromatic scale that freed up the art of the jazz solo. This was the birth of bebop.

1. Judaism
   Southern Baptist Christianity
2. Bahá'í
   Islam

In 1968, Dizzy Gillespie converted to the Bahá'í faith, a religion headquartered in Tel Aviv, and based on a small sect of relatively ecumenical adherents founded in the late 1800s. It influenced not only his outlook on life and death, but his music and his politics.

1. The WPA
   Pollack and His Californians
2. Wilber Sweatman Orchestra
   Fletcher Henderson's band

Duke Ellington came to New York to gig with the Wilber Sweatman Orchestra, where he met the players who would later become Elmer Snowden and his Black Sox Orchestra, which in turn became The Washingtonians, his ticket to the big time.

1. Fred Guy
   Duke Ellington
2. James "Bubber" Miley
   Elmer Snowden

From the time of Elmer Snowden and The Black Sox Orchestra to the name change to The Washingtonians, when Ellington was elected the band leader, the group had Snowden and Guy to play the banjo. While Duke Ellington was a great musician and was known to finish sets with a bugle, it was trumpeter Bubber Miley who was the star of the band, known for his mastery of the plunger mute, which produced a quality termed "jungle sound".

1. The most money made from licencing.
   The most money made from touring.
2. Adjusted for inflation, the most lucrative concert of all time.
   The best-selling jazz album of all time.

Kind of Blue, by Miles Davis, is the best-selling jazz album of all time, a towering achievement still true as of 2018.

1. Heroin
   Cocaine
2. Alcohol
   Smoking

Charlie Parker was a deeply troubled man. He tried to commit suicide twice. He lost a child. He was a prolific drug abuser. In the end, his death, which occurred in the dwelling of his benefactor Baroness Pannonica de Koenigswarter was chalked up to the side effects of alcoholism.

1. Alto trumpet
   Standard valved trumpet
2. Bent trumpet
   Keyed or rotary valved trumpet

The bent style of trumpet favored by Gillespie, with an upturned bell, was allegedly the result of an accident whereupon someone fell on a trumpet belonging to the jazz great. He liked the way it sounded, and commissioned the creation of such a trumpet for his future use. The original was fixed.

1. Being the first jazz musician played live on the radio
   Being the first great jazz saxophonist
2. Being the first openly gay jazz great
   Innovating the vibraphone

Hawk, as he was known, played the tenor sax. This wouldn't be a big deal today, but when he was new to the jazz scene, this instrument was not associated with jazz music. After he introduced it to jazz, the sax was synonymous with jazz.

1. Playing music while upside down
   Playing music while under water
2. Playing three clarinets simultaneously
   Playing trumpet and piano at the same time

Wilbur Sweatman was a remarkable musician in many ways, but being able to play three clarinets simultaneously was one feat most great musicians would find it difficult to match.

1. 10
   8
2. 12
   14

Wilbur Sweatman recorded 8 albums: Battleship Kate, Breakdown Blues, Down Home Rag, Get It Now, Got 'Em Blues, My Hawaiian Sunshine, Poor Papa and Sweat Blues.

1. A trio of saxophones
   A percussionist and a violinist
2. A trumpeter and a double bass
   A chorus line of drag queens

Gladys Bentley was a groundbreaking performer. She dressed as a man. She was gay. She was black. When the Ubangi Club came along in Harlem, it became home to many alternative acts including several gay performers, Bentley included.

1. Schaefer Jazz Festival, Sept 5, 1975
   Monterey Jazz Festival, Sept 19, 1975
2. Montreux Jazz Festival, July 3, 1975
   Vossajazz, March 21, 1975

The Schaefer Jazz festival was Miles Davis's last appearance before his hiatus, which lasted until May 1, 1980. While away from music, Davis's relationships suffered, he fell victim to drug addiction, major health problems, disputes with his record label, lawsuits, and he married the woman he would divorce about ten years later. While on hiatus, Davis lived as a recluse in a house on what is now Miles Davis Way, at 312 West 77th Street, Manhattan.

1. Poorvashaada
   Uthraphalguni
2. Turiyasangitananda
   Krithika

Jazz pianist Alice Coltrane turned to guru Sathya Sai Bab for spiritual guidance after the death of John Coltrane, and her extreme torment at the loss of her beloved husband. As part of her religious transformation, she changed her name to Turiyasangitananda, which translates as "Transcendental Lord’s highest song of Bliss".

1. Black and Tan
   Many Happy Returns
2. Belle of The Nineties
   Cabin in The Sky

Black and Tan was a short Duke Ellington made for RKO. It showcased his talents and that of several other black performers, and helped bring Ellington's music and likeness to a much larger audience.

1. Upper register
   Formal training
2. Range
   Improvisation

Billie Holiday wasn't gifted with a huge voice, and she wasn't lucky enough to have a musical education. What she had was wit. She could improvise musically with her voice the way soloists would improvise with instruments.

1. We Are The World
   Stella By Starlight
2. Nature Boy
   Sun City

Sun City was produced for Artists Against Apartheid by Van Zandt and Arthur Baker, and authored by Steven Van Zandt. It included Davis, Lou Reed, Run DMC, U2, Bob Dylan, and dozens of other artists.

1. Scat singing
   Characters
2. Ignoring the melody as written
   Crooning

Louis Armstrong's improvisational scat is perhaps the single best identifiable characteristic of his singing, other than his voice itself.

1. Satchmo
   Pop
2. Daddio
   Satch

Armstrong had a great name, but there's nothing like a good nickname, of which he had a few. Most people know him by Satchmo, a name he would occasionally use as his signature, allowing aficionados to date things he signed.

1. He was a percussionist.
   He was a trumpeter.
2. He was an arranger.
   He was a manager.

Don Redman is described as one of the first great jazz arrangers, and an architect of big band music and the swing style. He was a prodigy who took to several instruments as a child, and by the time he was in his teens he was arranging music. He would later work with Duke Ellington's band.

1. Two trumpets, a clarinet, a banjo, a bass, and a percussionist
   Five saxophones and a clarinet
2. Three saxophones, two clarinets, and a double bass
   A guitar, a saxophone, a double bass, a cello, a banjo, and a percussionist

The choice of five saxophones and a clarinet was a very interesting one, since the two instruments are essentially the same with some minor but key differences. The band was such a success, it signed with French music label Pathé.

1. Julius' Bar
   Nick's (Greenwich Village)
2. Birdland
   McSorley's Old Ale House

While McSorley's Old Ale House is certainly a historic New York bar, dating back to the 1800s, it isn't renowned for its jazz musician clientele, whereas the other three are.

1. 3
   2
2. 4
   1

Miles Dewey Davis III had a son, Miles Davis IV, who died in 2015. Like his father, Miles Davis IV was 65 at the time of his death.

1. All of them!
   Fat Cat
2. Smalls
   The Village Vanguard

Fat Cat is a recently established jazz venue, formerly a grungy pool hall called Fat Cat's Billiards. Today, it's an intimate venue similar to Smalls, but it still has some pool tables for those who like to shoot some 9-ball while they listen to great jazz.

1. William Parker
   Wynton Marsalis
2. Paul Motian
   Roy Haynes

Wynton Marsalis and his superhuman lungs may be best known for their ability to produce circular breathing (breathing in while blowing out) but Mr. Marsalis is also the renowned artistic director of Jazz at Lincoln Center, one of the mainstays of Lincoln Center's cultural relevance.

1. Arturo Sandoval
   Scott Joplin
2. Lee Morgan
   Johnny Hartman

While almost all musicians since Dizzy Gillespie have been influenced by him in some way, Scott Joplin could not have been, because The King of Ragtime may have been a great composer and jazz precursor, but he died in 1917.

1. A song about apples
   A local New Orleans expression for where the action is
2. The booming New York apple trade of the 1920s and 1930s
   Apples were cheap and lots of jazz musicians survived off them.

The most likely origins of the term The Big Apple come from the jazz world. In New Orleans, "manzana prinicipale" or "apple orchard" was an expression meaning "the place where all the action is". The denizens of the New Orleans jazz scene picked up this terminology. When they descended on New York and saw all the opportunity there, they stuck the "appellation" on The Big Apple.

1. Pop music breakthrough and crossover
   Radical development of the style
2. Mastery of many instruments
   Best-selling jazz album

Louis Armstrong may have ceased his development of the jazz style, but by hitting the right note, so to speak, he reached out to audiences who were not jazz fans, and piqued their interest by appearing in mainstream films and on the albums of other musicians.