1. East
   West
2. North
   South

European settlers first began seizing land along the Atlantic coast in the seventeenth century. The western expansion occurred primarily during the nineteenth century.

1. Northwest Territory
   Southeast Territory
2. Northeast Territory
   Southwest Territory

In 1787, Congress created the Northwest Territory which included the area spanning northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, west of Pennsylvania and south and west of the Great Lakes region. This area was known as the Old Northwest and was the first possession of the United States.

1. Scenery
   Wilderness
2. Landscape
   Suburban terrain

The American frontier expansion occurred west of the civilized Atlantic coast region. Settlers set out with their belongings in wagon trains to brave the wild unknown under threat of death from hostile enemies, dangerous conditions and illness.

1. Bacon's Rebellion
   John's Rebellion
2. Kevin's Rebellion
   Nate's Rebellion

Born in Suffolk, England on January 2, 1647, American planter and colonist Nathaniel Bacon led the rebellion in the Virginia colony in armed protest of unfair English laws and Indian aggression in the frontier. Bacon organized a band of disgruntled frontiersmen in the area.

1. Louisiana Acquisition
   France Sale of 1803
2. Louisiana Purchase
   Louisiana Annexation

On May 2, 1803, America purchased the Louisiana territory from France for the price of $15 million. As a result, the size of the country grew by 828,000 square miles.

1. Missionary work
   Fur trading
2. Oil drilling
   Agriculture

The first expansion along the Atlantic coast and the second expansion out west were both motivated by an agricultural purpose. Settlers ventured off into unclaimed regions procuring resources, such as timber and precious metals, from the earth. The surplus of raw materials led to the burgeoning of American industry.

1. Ralph Waldo Emerson
   Henry David Thoreau
2. Washington Irving
   John Mason Peck

John Mason Peck was a pioneer and Baptist missionary born near Litchfield, Connecticut on October 31, 1789. Peck's main mission for writing the guide was to help build strong communities in the new frontier.

1. Davy Crockett
   Daniel Boone
2. John Matthews
   Jabez Barlow

During the nineteenth century, the Cumberland Gap was an extremely important means of access for hunters. In 1775, Daniel Boone and his crew cleared the pathway to the Kentucky River for the Transylvania Company, which accommodated frontiersmen and trade through the Appalachian Range.

1. Macadam
   Tar
2. Cobblestone
   Asphalt

John McAdam of Scotland invented the road pavement material in the 18th century. The substance is made of broken uneven greenstone or granite stones in compacted layers durable enough to sustain heavy loads.

1. Michigan Trail
   Fargo Trail
2. Illinois Pathway
   Oregon Trail

The trail, also called the Oregon-California Trail, was one of several major routes traveled by pioneers who sought to settle in the western territories. Travelers first began to pass through the trail in the early 1840s.

1. Santa Fe Trail
   Austin Trail
2. Nebraska Trail
   Colorado Trail

The Santa Fe Trail spanned south from Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico and through El Paso into the Chihuahua towns of Mexico. The completion of the Santa Fe railroad in 1880 stopped usage of the trade route.

1. American Civil War
   Mexican-American War
2. Cold War
   American Revolutionary War

The Mexican-American War started in 1846. War sympathizers in the United States Congress believed the war would increase the prospect of slavery in the Southwest region. U.S. disputes with Mexico over the Texas border and Mexican military attacks on U.S. soldiers in the disputed area also caused the war.

1. Presbyterian Trail
   Congregationalist Trail
2. Mormon Trail
   Methodist Trail

Mormon followers departed Nauvoo, Illinois soon after a mob killed Mormon leader Joseph Smith in 1844. Omaha Indians granted the group permission to cross the Missouri River into Nebraska Territory.

1. Joseph Smith
   Marion Hammon
2. Brigham Young
   Frank Naylor

American colonizer and religious leader Brigham Young led Mormon followers to Utah and colonized the region before establishing a government there. Young and his followers perceived the area as a new Zion, or Promised Land, for the Mormon church.

1. Allan Nevins
   Frederick Jackson Turner
2. Francis Parkman
   Henry Adams

Frederick Jackson Turner was born in Portage, Wisconsin. During his tenure at the University of Wisconsin, he authored several seminal works, including "The Significance of Sections in American History" and "Problems in American History."

1. Danton and Davis
   Lewis and Clark
2. Flint and Gray
   Lincoln and Sproat

American explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark are regarded as heroes of the American frontier. President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the two-man team to survey and chart the American wilderness and carve a path to the Pacific Ocean.

1. John Jacob Astor
   John D. Rockefeller
2. Andrew Carnegie
   Cornelius Vanderbilt

John Jacob Astor was born in Waldorf, Germany on July 17, 1763. He first arrived at Baltimore, Maryland in March 1784 before purchasing furs in west New York. John Jacob Astor built his fur empire from the ground up and named it "American Fur Company." The fur industry exploded during the American expansion.

1. Land-Grant Telegraph Act
   Homestead Act of 1862
2. Kansas-Nebraska Act
   Pacific Railroad Act

Through the Homestead Act of 1862, the government greatly encouraged the migration of settlers into the West by offering 160 acres of public land to them. In return, the settlers were urged to inhabit and cultivate the awarded land.

1. John Gardner
   Henry Maxom
2. William Becknell
   Hezekiah Flint

William Becknell was a commercial trader as well as a successful pioneer. Becknell cleared the Santa Fe Trail, which greatly increased trade in the new frontier. He led an impressive expedition that included over 20 frontiersmen and many supplies.

1. American Progress
   Lady Liberty
2. The Cross in the Wilderness
   The First Harvest

Manifest Destiny is the belief that American settlers were preordained by God to expand and conquer the land and inhabitants of the West. Journalist John L. O'Sullivan coined the term in 1845.

1. Andrew Jackson
   Franklin D. Roosevelt
2. Calvin Coolidge
   Warren G. Harding

Andrew Jackson served as president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. He also served as senator and congressman prior to his presidency.

1. Popular sovereignty
   Enlightenment
2. Republicanism
   Manifest Destiny

The core belief of Manifest Destiny frontier doctrine is that God prescribed that the United States should take any means necessary to dominate the American West. Newspaper editor and journalist John L. O'Sullivan coined the ideology, which a great many people supported.

1. Homestead Act
   Northwest Ordinance
2. Kansas-Nebraska Act
   Morrill Act

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was a last-ditch effort to settle the issue of whether slavery should be allowed in the western territories. The principle of "popular sovereignty" was conjured as a result of this legislation which further fanned the flames of discord between pro-slavery and anti-slavery advocates.

1. Trail of Tears
   Cherokee Expansion
2. Wounded Knee Massacre
   Anglo-Pow Project

The Trail of Tears was sanctioned by the U.S. government to re-appropriate land in the Southeast region of the United States. Indigenous people were herded into Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

1. Manifest Destiny
   Paupers Rights
2. Nihilism
   Popular sovereignty

Popular sovereignty, also termed Squatter Sovereignty by dissenters, promoted the idea that settlers in federal territories should alone decide whether their territories would join the Union as free or slave states. The political principle was first evoked during the establishment of New Mexico and Utah territories in 1850.

1. Indian Settlement Treaty
   Indian Removal Act
2. Indigenous Peoples Ordinance
   Indian Cooperation Laws

President Andrew Jackson fiercely promoted the Indian Removal Act of 1830 to accommodate settlers in the more desired territories. The United States resorted to violence in order to win the compliance of indigenous people who were less amenable to America's expansionist policies.

1. Silver Scare
   Bronze Boon
2. Gold Rush
   Diamond Rush

The American gold rush occurred in spurts during the American expansion. The first substantial gold discovery took place in the late 1820s in Dahlonega, Georgia, an event that precipitated the Trail of Tears campaign.

1. Geronimo
   Sitting Bull
2. Pontiac
   Metacomet

Born around the year 1831. Sitting Bull, or Tatanka Iyotake, joined his first expansion-resistance effort at age fourteen. Sitting Bull was a valiant crusader and led the formidable Strong Heart warrior society.

1. Crow Creek
   Acoma
2. Wounded Knee
   Jamestown

The Wounded Knee Massacre took place on December 29, 1890 at Wounded Knee Creek in southwestern South Dakota. Anxious U.S. soldiers, commissioned to secure confiscated land, descended upon a group of Plains Indians who had gathered to engage in a Ghost Dance, which is a spiritual ceremony of song and dance.

1. Homestead Act
   Bounty Land Act
2. Northwest Ordinances
   Donation Land Claim Act

The Northwest Ordinances, or Ordinances of 1784, 1785, and 1787, were several statutes that the United States Congress ratified in order to systematically admit frontier territories north of the Ohio River, south of the Great Lakes, west of Pennsylvania, and east of the Mississippi River.

1. Methodist
   Lutheran
2. Congregationalism
   Baptist

During the early 19th century, many New England Congregationalists ventured west on missionary expeditions. Congregationalists joined forces with Presbyterians to adopt a Plan of Union in 1801 for combined missionary activity in the western regions of the Americas.

1. Willa Cather
   Chris Enss
2. Laura Ingalls Wilder
   Zara Carson

Laura Ingalls Wilder's series of "Little House" children's books were adopted for American television in the 1970s and 1980s. Her first book, "Little House in the Big Woods," was published in 1932.

1. James Fenimore Cooper
   Ray Allen Billington
2. Daniel Boone
   Frederick Jackson Turner

James Fenimore Cooper's 1826 book is more popularly called "The Last of the Mohicans." It's a tale about the French and Indian War, and %0D takes place during the year 1757.

1. Albert Bierstadt
   Claude Monet
2. Henri Matisse
   Alfred Sisley

Frontier painter Albert Bierstadt joined several expeditions of the American western expansion. A few of Bierstadt's paintings include "Yosemite Valley, Yosemite Park" (c. 1868) and "Mount Adams, Washington" (1875).

1. Fur men
   Beaver boys
2. Mountain men
   Wilderness men

Mountain men were adventurous pioneers who ventured to the North American Rocky Mountain west in search of economic prosperity as fur trappers. These groups eventually settled and cultivated much of the region.