1. Latvia
   Georgia
2. Russia proper
   Ukraine

Today, Ukraine is an independent country. It's called "Ukrainia" by Russians and Ukrainians and sometimes "the Ukraine" by Westerners of a certain age. The use of the article "the" came about because "ukraine" means "borderland" as a common noun; hence "the borderland." However, that's a mildly offensive term to Ukrainians.

1. 1970
   1976
2. 1986
   1993

1970 was the year that the nearby workers' community was founded (We'd mention it by name, but that's the answer to another question). It wasn't until the mid-'80s that the reactor meltdown occurred.

1. Decay
   Fission
2. Fusion
   Cold fusion

Nuclear fission is the breakup of atom nuclei into smaller nuclei, which releases a great deal of energy. Fusion and decay are also processes that release power, though not as effectively. "Cold fusion" dreams a pipe dream: Nuclear fusion at temperatures far lower than the solar/stellar ones required at present.

1. A post-Lenten party
   A powerful thunderstorm
2. A safety drill
   Nothing; the reactor just melted down.

The drill was meant to practice protocols to keep the reactors going in the event of a power outage. Both the power to the reactors and the safety systems were deliberately shut off, to simulate actual conditions in case of a power failure.

1. Deviation from emergency protocols
   Flaws in the reactor design
2. A power surge
   All of these

Typically, in major accidents (not just nuclear, but events like plane crashes as well), there isn't a single cause, and this is true of the Chernobyl disaster. The event has been extensively studied, and all three of the above factors were found to be at play.

1. Arkhangelsk
   Odessa
2. Pripyat
   St. Petersburg

Atlas Obscura, the online magazine of the odd and amazing, wrote an article on the ghost town of Pripyat, which some urban adventurers are now exploring. Among other things, the reporter notes is that "all clocks are frozen at 11:55, the moment the electricity was cut." Spooky!

1. Fallout
   Acid snow
2. Pyrocumulate
   Nuclear curtain

You've undoubtedly heard this word, though probably in a metaphoric sense. It's been widely adopted as a term for "unwanted or negative results," e.g., "the fallout from the candidate's unwise public statement."

1. Air Force officers
   Firefighters
2. Police officers
   Nuclear-cleanup experts

Firefighters bore the brunt of the meltdown's immediate health effects. Many of the 28 persons who died of radiation sickness after the accident were firefighters (and others were employees of the plant).

1. 68
   4,000
2. 90,000
   No one really knows.

When we say this, we don't mean that the death toll was "countless" and that a cover-up is the reason the true number is unknown. It's actually the opposite. A United Nations/Ukraine joint study has concluded that, long-term, the death toll is probably between 4,000 and 6,000. It's smaller groups, like survivors' organizations, which suggest the number is near 90,000.

1. 12,000
   Nearly 50,000
2. About 100,000
   No one had to be evacuated.

More than 49,000 people were living in the planned town of Pripyat. The evacuation took about three hours, an astoundingly quick process for nearly 50,000 people, but there had been drills for just this events. Plus, you've got to imagine that the town's residents were motivated to leave.

1. True
2. False

To this day, the nuclear accident in Ukraine is the worst in history. This includes the meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan, which was the result of a tsunami following an earthquake.

1. The Destabilized Zone
   The Exclusion Zone
2. No Man's Land
   The 48th Parallel

Many people simply call it "the Zone." It was established very shortly after the meltdown by a Soviet regulatory commission and remains in place to this day, with some adjustments to the individual zones within.

1. Hectare
   Hour
2. House
   Human

Our first guess would have been "hectare," imagining radiation pervading land and water at certain levels, depending on the distance from the plant. But the key unit here is that of time: How many mSv are you getting every hour (which can be extrapolated to every day)?

1. 0
   Less than 1
2. 5
   10

Bear in mind, this is the very baseline. Want to fly coast-to-coast? Your exposure will rise to 400 mSV for the entire one-way trip. An exposure of about 100,000 mSV is required to raise your cancer risk. This puts the levels in the inhabitable "Blue Zone" (about 30-50 mSV per hour) in perspective.

1. 1
   3
2. 4
   The reactors had names, not numbers.

The nuclear power plant had four reactors. Number 1 had a partial meltdown in 1982, but the news was not made public at the time, and it was repaired and put back into service.

1. The shield/building built around Reactor #4
   A memorial to dead emergency workers
2. An underground lake of radioactive water
   The wall around the entire plant

A "sarcophagus" is, in general, a box built to hold a dead body. So it's apt that this has become the nickname for the massive steel-and-concrete structure built around the "dead" reactor. The sarcophagus itself is now covered with another structure, called the New Safe Confinement structure.

1. Liquidators
   Remediators
2. Restorers
   Suicide Kings

In a time period spanning about 18 months after the meltdown, nearly a quarter million workers filled this role. Actually, liquidators had many roles, including hunting down pets that had gone feral after the evacuation. (Sounds cold, but somebody had to do it, we suppose).

1. Dinars
   Forints
2. Rubles
   Zlotys

18 billion rubles is about $27 million dollars, by 2019's exchange rate. Adjusted for inflation, it's fairer to day that the USSR spent somewhere around $65 million U.S. dollars on the cleanup effort.

1. A one-mile radius
   A 30-kilometer radius
2. A 50-mile radius
   A 1000-square mile rectangle

Thirty kilometers is approximately 19 miles; as the term "radius" implies, the Zone is shaped as a circle. Within the circles are "sub-zones" of Black, Red and Blue.

1. An area that humans can never enter again
   An area where people will never return to live
2. An area where only adults can live
   An area that can only be entered at night

The Black Zone isn't defined by units of distance, but rather by radiation — it's the area where radiation levels are at more than 200 micro-sieverts per hour. As noted elsewhere, this is comparable to the exposure you'd get in a coast-to-coast U.S. flight — but still not the kind of exposure that humans should be getting, long-term.

1. An area where evacuees can come back after radiation levels drop
   An area where only the healthiest people have been allowed to re-settle
2. An area where people can have vacation homes
   An area strictly policed by the military

What differentiates the Red Zone from the Black Zone is that the Red Zone is projected to be inhabited again some day. About the concept of "vacation homes" near a dead nuclear power plant ... We really don't imagine there'll be any takers on that one.

1. An area with 30 to 50 micro-sieverts of radiation levels
   An area that children and pregnant women had to leave
2. The part of the Zone furthest out from the plant
   All of these

Not everyone had to leave this part of the Exclusion Zone, but the young and pregnant women were/are at higher risk from radiation. They were moved out of this exterior ring of the Exclusion Zone in 1986, after the major round of evacuations.

1. True
2. False

This might surprise you, but the other reactors continued to operate for some time. Number 2 was shut down in 1992, 1 in 1996, and number 3 stayed running until the year 2000.

1. A cathedral
   A lake
2. A mountain
   A town

Chernobyl is neither the nearest town to the plant nor a big city, but it was the administrative center of the district where the nuclear power plant was situated and was home to about 14,000 people. Chernobyl was evacuated after the meltdown, though a few residents have returned to occupy their homes.

1. Moscow
   Kiev
2. Odessa
   Tailinn

Kiev, also spelled "Kyiv," is the capital of Ukraine. This tidbit is a "know before you go" piece of information, as Kiev is where the tour companies offering Pripyat/Chernobyl visits are generally based, and where you'll most likely stay if you want to be comfortable.

1. An autoclave
   A Geiger counter
2. A triage tag
   An X-ray machine

You've very likely seen this in movies. It's a handheld device run up and down a person's body, not actually touching skin or clothing. Geiger counters obviously became useful after the accident.

1. Jimmy Carter
   Gerald Ford
2. George H.W. Bush
   Ronald Reagan

President Reagan, the former governor of California, was a proponent of nuclear energy himself. He spared government funding for America's nuclear program during a drastic round of budget-cutting in the early 1980s.

1. Konstantin Chernenko
   Mikhail Gorbachev
2. Andrei Gromyko
   Boris Yeltsin

Andrei Gromyko held the highest office from mid-1985 to 1988. He was a conservative with "hardline" policies toward the West, but was increasingly occupied with internal issues, not least of which was the reactor meltdown at Chernobyl.

1. Diablo Canyon
   Oyster Creek
2. Plum Island
   Three Mile Island

Three Mile Island is in Pennsylvania. In 1979, there was a leak of radioactive coolant caused by a valve stuck in its open position. Despite evacuations and an increase in anti-nuclear sentiment, there has been no statistically significant increase in cancers due to the leak.

1. Bone marrow
   Brain
2. Lung
   Thyroid

About 15 children are estimated to have gotten thyroid cancer as a result of the accident and died of their cancers. Today, people living near nuclear power plants are often eligible for government-provided iodine tablets to keep on hand; taken shortly after exposure, these can prevent thyroid cancer.

1. True
2. False

Anyone can take an Exclusion Zone tour. Guides have Geiger counters, and tourists are screened post-tour to ensure that they are not carrying radioactive material out of the Zone as souvenirs.

1. Aluminum
   Graphite
2. Steel
   Wood

Nuclear-grade graphite is a bit different from what you find in a pencil, of course. It's used in nuclear reactors, thanks in part to its ability to tolerate high temperatures — but when it burns, it burns very hot.

1. Anna Akhmatova
   Vladimir Lenin
2. Joseph Stalin
   Leon Trotsky

Lenin, of course, was one of the master architects of Soviet Communism. The city of St. Petersburg was renamed for him during the Soviet era. That was an honorary naming that went a little better than the Chernobyl plant (though the city has now reverted to its original name of St. Petersburg).

1. Evacuation workers
   The sarcophagus builders
2. Refugees who settled in Russia proper
   Re-settlers in the Exclusion Zone

It might surprise you to know that some people wanted to return to the evacuation area. You'd expect people to want to get out (and then hit up the government to be repaid for their relocation costs). But people are strange sometimes; see also Centralia, Pennsylvania, and the residents who stubbornly stay in that ghost town despite living above a raging mine fire.

1. Criminals
   Extreme adventurers
2. The elderly
   The young

When you think about it, this isn't surprising — these people had spent their entire lives in one area, and were ill-equipped for life elsewhere. The Soviet government first tried to prevent samosely from returning to their homes, but eventually practiced a kind of "benign neglect" about the samosely phenomenon.