1. Georgia
   Tennessee
2. South Carolina
   Virginia

Some very famous battles, like Shiloh and Antietam, took place in other states. But Virginia saw the most fighting overall, partly because RIchmond was for a time the capital of the Confederacy and therefore a prize for the Union.

1. Antietam
   Bull Run
2. Sayler's Creek
   Fort Sumter

The war started when Confederates attacked the sea fort in Charleston, South Carolina. Most residents of the city were sympathetic to Confederate aims, and watched the battle with pride from windows and galleries.

1. artillery
   arrows
2. rifles
   land mines

The Confederates shelled the sea fort for more than a day before the U.S. Army defenders gave up. Only two federal soldiers were killed during the assault -- a light toll that would be far from typical.

1. tanks
   gunpowder
2. bayonets
   repeating rifles

Repeating rifles had a magazine to store multiple bullets, and a mechanism to feed them into the chamber for firing. This was a significant advance over single-shot breechloaders.

1. It was too brutal.
   It didn't allow time to aim properly.
2. It would waste ammunition.
   The recoil would injure soldiers.

The repeating weapon, which allowed shots to be fired in quick succession, was believed by some generals to encourage waste of ammunition. This is not a criticism that has survived into modern times.

1. disease
   injuries sustained in battle
2. starvation
   exposure, especially during desertion attempts

Diseases like dysentery and typhoid fever killed enlisted men at a rate of more than 2-to-1. Neither were top brass immune. General Sherman and General Longstreet both lost children to disease during the war.

1. 110,000
   200,000
2. 430,000
   600,000

The answer to the question "How many people died in the Civil War?" is a moving target. Counting soldiers' deaths from disease, or deaths during imprisonment, the number rises to about 500,000. Adding in civilian noncombatants, it's estimated at 620,000. But approximately 205,000 men died of wounds sustained on the battlefields.

1. adze
   bayonet
2. pike
   sai

Bayonets were still in common use in the Civil War. They were a visible symbol of the transition in military technology from edged weapons to firearms.

1. 1863
   1864
2. 1865
   1866

The Civil War ended with Lee's surrender on April 9, 1865. There wasn't much of a cease-fire beforehand: The Battle of Sayler's Creek raged in Virginia only three days beforehand, on April 6.

1. Gettysburg
   Perryville
2. Sabine Pass II
   Stones River

About 50,000 soldiers died in this three-day battle. It was the costliest in the war, and sticks in American memory because of that.

1. Alabama
   Georgia
2. Pennsylvania
   Virginia

Gettysburg is one of the most famous (or maybe notorious) battles of the war. This is partly because it was a turning point for the Union, and partly because of Lincoln's stirring address.

1. amputation
   anesthesia
2. organ transplantation
   trained ambulance crews

None of the above were actually invented in the Civil War years, but they were widely adopted and vastly improved during that time. Except for organ transplantation, which was still about a century away.

1. bullet
   cannonball
2. land mine
   artillery shell

Minie balls (correctly spelled, the name has an accent over the "e") were state-of-the-art weapons technology, with grooves to match the rifling in the barrel, and thus make them fly straight over a greater distance. They were used extensively, which is why people still find them while hiking and camping in the Southeast.

1. He worked in that trade before joining the Army.
   He was willing to lose large numbers of his own men to win battles.
2. He sanctioned bloody surgical techniques without anesthesia.
   He allowed his troops to murder civilians.

Grant's own army suffered about 150,000 casualties while inflicting about 195,000 on the Confederates. A strategy that allows high losses of troops and materiel as long as the other side loses more is known as "war of attrition," and Grant is criticized by historians for being comfortable with it.

1. built them prosthetic limbs
   built them wheelchairs
2. reconstructed their faces
   treated their PTSD

Dr. Buck was a pioneer in plastic surgery. He also used the new technology of photography to document his procedures and their results.

1. edged weapons
   horses
2. torches
   chivalrous tactics

Thought "chivalry" and "cavalry" are related words, both from the French "chevalier," it's not honor that marks a cavalry unit, it's horses. Though the U.S. Army maintains the name "Cavalry" for some divisions, the invention of motor vehicles and then tanks made true cavalry units obsolete.

1. a draft
   billeting of soldiers in civilian homes
2. seizure of weapons from state militias
   seizure of food from homes and farms

"Conscription" is another word for a draft. Both sides had to conscript soldiers, as neither the federal army nor the seceded states' militias had enough soldiers to fight the war to come. However, drafting didn't account for the majority of new soldiers. Instead, volunteers, freed slaves and immigrants all played a large role in swelling the ranks of armies.

1. about the same
   about 5,000 fewer
2. about 5,000 more
   about 20,000 more

The losses in the worst one-day Civil War battles were nearly ten times those that America incurred on D-Day. Overall, WWII is still the deadliest conflict in human history. But American losses in the Civil War were higher because both sides, in every battle, were American.

1. .05
   1 percent
2. 2 percent
   4 percent

The total deaths from all causes, of soldiers and civilians, cost the United States an astounding 2 percent of its population. Of course, America was a younger, smaller country then. Today, a 2 percent loss would equal 6.6 million human beings.

1. Colt
   Gatling
2. Heckler & Koch
   Springfield

There were a variety of handguns and rifles used in the Civil War; Derringers and Enfields also played a role. Heckler & Koch, though, was founded in the 20th century, long after the war.

1. about 25,000
   about 50,000
2. about 80,000
   more than 100,000

Shiloh was a very costly battle for both sides, with about 23,000 casualties. That's close to, but not quite, the highest one-day toll of any battle in the war.

1. true
2. false

The Confederate States of America didn't have much in the way of warships early on, as the Union maintained control of most of the navy. The Confederacy had to trade with sympathetic foreign nations in order to have ships to take on the Union navy.

1. early versions of tanks
   war horses with armored breastplates
2. elite Union soldiers
   warships with metal-armored sides

"Ironclad" ships replaced wooden warships in the 19th century and were key to the Civil War. They were obviously less vulnerable to catching fire when shelled than wooden ships.

1. Antietam
   Stones River
2. Bull Run I
   Gettysburg

Proving that he, too, understood the concept of "war of attrition," General Lee ordered a futile charge against the Union troops at Gettysburg. His subordinate, Gen. Longstreet, was so opposed to the idea that he later reported that he could not give a verbal command to start the charge, inclining his head instead to give the go-ahead.

1. the Confederacy
   the Union
2. both
   neither

Often operating in the Western Theater of the war, groups like Quantrill's Raiders made sneak attacks, stole Union materiel, and attacked pro-Union civilians. They've been glamorized in film and fiction, partly because two of Quantrill's gang, Frank and Jesse James, went on to be notorious outlaws.

1. Albert Willis
   Lucian Love
2. John Singleton Mosby
   Philip Sheridan

Mosby was known as the "Gray Ghost" of the Confederacy, leading a group of partisan "Rangers." Mosby survived the war, and knew the young George S. Patton when the latter was growing up in a military family in California.

1. Antietam
   Gettysburg
2. Battle of Bull Run I
   Battle of Bull Run II

Jackson was in the forefront of the fighting, and seemed imperturbable in the face of the Union advances. Troops later said he was like a "stone wall" in the face of fighting.

1. He was hit by friendly fire.
   He fell from his horse in battle.
2. of typhoid fever, in camp
   of old age, while teaching at West Point

Jackson was accidentally fired on by Confederate sentries at Chancellorsville. This indirectly caused his death: after hospitalization and an amputation, he developed pneumonia and died.

1. Glorieta Pass
   Sabine Pass I
2. Sabine Pass II
   Mill Springs

The Battle of Glorieta Pass was fought in present-day New Mexico, a region generally not known for its Civil War history. An excavation of the Confederate mass grave there determined that most of the soldiers were younger than the age of 20. The Union grave or graves from this battle has not yet been located.

1. 17
   18
2. 19
   Child soldiers were common in the Civil War.

Though the Union army had a rule, then as now, making the minimum age 18, there were several ways around this. Boys could serve in noncombat positions; for example, as drummers (though this didn't always save them from becoming casualties). Or they simply lied about their age, as boys would do (with decreasing success) in WWI and WWII.

1. the number of troops participating
   its speed travelling overland
2. its loud brass band
   the destruction of civilian infrastructure

General Sherman led this "scorched earth" campaign from Atlanta to Savannah, looting farms, destroying railroads and factories, and generally disrupting Georgia's economy the whole way. This is one reason for lingering Southern resentment after the war -- it wasn't just the military defeat, but the destruction of the South's economy that really stung.

1. a special ascot worn by his troops
   the circuitous route taken from Atlanta to the sea
2. a noose
   railroad rails wrapped around trees

Part of Sherman's destruction of the Southern infrastructure was his troops pulling up train-track rails, heating them until they were pliable, and wrapping them around trees. This tactic certainly made a statement!

1. Antietam
   Bull Run I
2. Bull Run II
   Gettysburg

When the Confederates reached Cemetery Ridge on the Gettysburg field, that was the high point of Confederate aggression, or its best chance of subduing the North. When Confederate forces were repelled there, it turned the tide of the war.

1. on a Confederate cavalry officer
   on a Union cavalry officer
2. on a Confederate navy ship
   on a Union navy ship

Dahlgren guns were part of a ship's artillery array. They were designed by a rear admiral, John Dahlgren, after the explosion of a poorly designed gun killed a sailor.

1. U.S. Cavalry
   Confederate infantry
2. Confederate officers
   U.S. Marines

The Mameluke sword is a Marine weapon, with a scimitar-like design. The Marines first adopted it in the early 19th century. It's named for Mamluk, Egypt, where the design is thought to have originated.