1. Grunge
   Marketing
2. Kurt Cobain
   Singer

The appositve in this sentence is the grunge rock icon Kurt Cobain. An appositive is a noun or pronoun that is located beside another noun to clarify it or give more information about it. When the appositive is “essential to the meaning of the sentence” (Purdue OWL), as above, it does not require punctuation to set it apart.

1. into
   onto
2. on
   around

While “on” and “in” are similar in meaning, they do have a crucial difference. “On” refers to the surface of an object, and “in” directs attention inside the object. Pouring your drink onto your cup could result in one of those terrible middle school spills that could ruin your outfit and your day.

1. After Mildred
   After Betty
2. After on
   After from

You often, but not always, need a comma at the end of an introductory phrase. In this case, the introductory phrase indicates a pause before the next segment of the sentence, and the comma helps to make that pause clear for readers. Introductory clauses, on the other hand, always are set apart with a comma. What’s an introductory clause, you ask? Read on, friends.

1. A phrase has a complete idea, and a clause is always incomplete.
   A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and a verb, and a clause is a group of words that does contain a subject and verb.
2. Does it really matter?
   A clause is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and a verb, and a phrase is a group of words that does contain a subject and verb.

A phrase is a group of words that go together as a concept but do not contain a subject and verb, while a clause does have a subject and verb. For example, “the girl with braces” is a phrase, and “the boy who doesn’t use deodorant” is a clause.

1. Any incorrect use of a comma
   A comma used to separate two dependent clauses
2. A missing comma
   A comma used to separate two independent clauses, without a coordinating conjunction.

‘Comma splice’ is one of those phrases that gets thrown around a lot by grammar nerds, but it’s often used incorrectly. You may hear someone use the term for any old misplaced comma. If you do, you should definitely have this knowledge weapon ready to throw down: it only applies to a comma used between independent clauses, without the required conjunction.

1. I’ll ask my mom to drop us off at the mall! So we can sneak into a movie.
   I’ll ask my mom to drop us off at the mall so, we can sneak into a movie.
2. I’ll ask my mom to drop us off at the mall; so we can sneak into a movie.
   I’ll ask my mom to drop us off at the mall, so we can sneak into a movie.

The above sentence is a run-on because it combines two independent clauses without punctuation. Adding the comma before so, which functions here as a coordinating conjunction (like and, but, or), fixes the issue. Why is the mall so cool in middle school, anyways?

1. A clause with a driver’s license
   A group of words that contains a subject and verb and forms a complete thought
2. A group of words that contains a subject and verb and but does not form a complete thought
   A clause set apart by a comma

An independent clause contains a subject and verb and forms a complete thought. It’s what we think of as a sentence. While the idea of a “complete thought” may seem hard to quantify, that’s the language all the grammar sites use to describe what makes a clause independent. Another way to think of it is a clause that doesn’t leave you asking, “huh?” Or “and?”

1. Pencil
   Trash can
2. Head
   Throw

The direct object follows a transitive verb— a verb that does something to something else. To find what it is, ask ‘what?’ after the verb. In this case, Billy throws what? He throws a pencil. Why did he throw a pencil? I don’t know. This kind of thing just happens in middle school.

1. Comma
   Exclamation point
2. Period
   Semicolon

This sentence is composed of two independent clauses, so it needs punctuation in order not to be a run-on. Since there is no conjunction, a semi-colon is the only option here. At what point does boredom become uncool again? College?

1. Italics
   Quotation marks
2. Single quotation marks
   Exclamation point

Quotation marks set apart the title of a poem. That’s definitely something you learned in middle school. And perhaps something you used in college a few times. But how often do you use this rule in real life? If you’re quoting poetry in your love emails, you’re more cultured than most.

1. Have should be had.
   Run should be ran.
2. Scoops should be scoop.
   You shouldn’t run laps after eating copious amounts of ice cream.

This is a classic verb-tense agreement question. Since the earlier part of the sentence is in the past tense “they went,” the next part needs to agree with that, thus changing have to had. It does sound like a bad idea, by the way, but in middle school it may have seemed like a good one.

1. Comma
   Semicolon
2. Colon
   Exclamation point

The colon is used after a complete sentence to show that what comes after is going to clarify what came before. You often find it, as here, introducing a list. Ahh, summer camp. Don’t forget the contraband items.

1. To show possession
   To form a contraction for it is
2. When it feels right
   When it is plural

This is one of the most commonly seen errors. Somehow it’s just so darn easy to mess up. The thing is that its problem is that it’s confusing. Other things use an apostrophe to show possesssion. Why can’t it? As far as I know, though, it’s never really plural.

1. meanwhile
   nevertheless
2. however
   since

However is used to show that the line of thought is moving in a direction that contrasts what came before. Transitional words are used to connect ideas and to guide readers by showing them how the ideas go together. However, they can be overused.

1. Then she realized that it just wasn’t cool to play with dolls
   which was her favorite occupation
2. Then she realized
   dolls

Because this part of the sentence can stand alone, the clause before the comma is the main clause. The clause following the comma does not make sense by itself, so it’s not the main clause; it’s subordinate. When did you stop playing with dolls?

1. Closed
   After
2. With her mouth closed
   After she got her braces on

This is one of those terms that you forget as soon as you walk out of the middle-school classroom. An adverb clause gives more information about the verb of a sentence, answering why, how, when, and where. Since it’s a clause, it has a subject and a verb. Adverb clauses can be identified by the subordinate conjunction that begins the clause.

1. In his braces
   Afraid
2. When Rocky ate corn
   Stuck in his braces

If you had braces, you know this very real fear. Another fear, perhaps, is that of being quizzed on grammar terms and finding that you’ve forgotten the names of rules, even if you know how to use them. In this case, the adverb phrase, “in his braces,” gives more information about where Rocky was afraid the food may be lurking.

1. Who
   Whom
2. Which
   Uncle

Yup, another one of those words that you may have forgotten. Relative pronouns introduce adjective phrases and clauses and tell us more about the noun just described. In this case, the best choice is “who,” since we’re referring to a person, and because that person is the subject and not the object of the action.

1. Comma
   Semicolon
2. Colon
   —

The good, old semicolon is overused by almost all students middle school and up. It’s proper use is to combine two complete sentences whose meaning is closely connected, without a coordinating conjunction.

1. Which
   That
2. Who
   Whom

To whom it may concern, ‘whom’ is used to introduce information about a person that is the object of a verb. In this case, Marge was asked to the dance. She wasn’t dancing, but was the one being asked.

1. It sounds like a lame time.
   It’s not in parallel structure.
2. It’s using the wrong subordinate conjunction.
   It has too many commas.

This sentence sounds funny because the listed items are not in the same form. All the verbs should be in the same tense—we ate popcorn, cheered for our friends, and played cards. While this rule may seem arbitrary, its purpose is to show that items in a list are of equal importance.

1. Holidays
   Proper nouns
2. First word after a colon
   First word after a sentence

Rules for capitalization seem to stick a bit more easily than some of the more obscure middle-school grammar rules. In this case, the first word after a colon is the item mentioned that doesn’t get capitalized. What did they do to us to make us remember capitalization rules, while the others are so easily forgotten?

1. Little-sister
   Red-bike
2. Old-little
   Seven-year-old

Rules for hyphenation are back in the set of the easily-forgotten. The rule of thumb to remember is that you hyphenate words that come before the word they modify and that work together as a single concept. Here, for instance, the sister is not seven, year, and old. She’s a seven-year-old sister.

1. Was
   Is
2. Were
   Am

Remember lockers? And combination locks? Ugh, such a hassle. And so stinky. Poor Katie left her books, which are the subject of the sentence, in her locker. Since the subject and verb must agree, the plural “books” needs the plural “were.” The prepositional phrase throws you off here, inserting “in her backpack,” with its singular object.

1. Was/were
   Is/was
2. Have/had
   What/ever

The perfect form shows that an action is completed, as in “I have finished all my homework,” or “I thought I had finished all my homework, until I opened my math folder.” Completed homework is the perfect homework.

1. -sanders
   -ed
2. -s
   -ing

Progressive had a different meaning back then. A progressive verb is a verb with continuing action, and this action is shown by add-ing the -ing to the ending of the verb.

1. In contrast,
   Later,
2. Meanwhile,
   Again,

It may seem to some middle schoolers (or high-school or college students) that they could successfully do homework while playing video games. However, it makes more sense to do the homework and then transition to playing games.

1. Semicolon
   None
2. Comma
   Period

This dependent phrase needs to be set apart by a comma, which shows that the sentence could stand alone without it. If you walked to school or took the bus, going to middle school was dependent on whether or not you felt like it.

1. They are lying.
   They are still doing math homework.
2. They are no longer doing math homework.
   They probably aren’t very good at math.

Yeah, this doesn’t sound too likely, does it? But, since this is a past-progressive verb construction, we can know for sure that the person means that they were doing homework, but now they have stopped.

1. That
   Who
2. What
   Which

Mothers and their intuition are the bane of many a middle schooler. “Which” is the appropriate relative pronoun to use here, because it shows that the clause is dependent and not essential to the meaning of the sentence.

1. Simple
   Complex
2. Compound
   Compound-complex

Remember when homework was the most difficult thing about life? Seems like a simpler time. This sentence is simple because it has only one independent clause and no dependent clauses.

1. At the end of every sentence
   To show strong emotion or emphasis
2. To show that you feel happy and not passive aggressive
   To form a question

Contrary to common practice, the appropriate use of an exclaimation mark is to convey strong emotion or emphasis. It does work well, though, to communicate over text and social media that you are not secretly angry.

1. If it has complex ideas
   If it piles ideas on top of each other
2. If it has more than one independent clause and no dependent clauses
   If it has more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses. Trying to understand why these terms are important only compounds the problem.

1. Will
   Would
2. Want
   Wanted

Sometimes it’s hard to agree with your friends. Especially if your friends are verbs, and your friends are in different tenses. Then they just don’t agree, and everything is wrong.

1. Using lots of big words
   Difficult concepts
2. It has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
   It has at least two independent clauses and no dependent clauses.

A complex sentence is defined as such not by the ideas or words that compose it, but by the simple fact of having a dependent clause. The ideas in the sentence may be as inane as middle school itself, but if it has a dependent clause, they’ll call it complex.