1. Rome
   Paris
2. Constantinople
   London

Prior to the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes were constantly pushing the Roman Empire along the northern borders. They twice sacked the city of Rome in the 5th century before the Germanic leader Odoacer overthrew Emperor Romulus Augustulus in 476 AD.

1. The Vikings
   The Huns
2. The Catholic Church
   The Islamic state

With the European landscape in shambles, the Catholic Church was able to take advantage of the chaos by providing a center of stability. It began this process by sending out missionaries like St. Augustine of Canterbury to spread the message of Christianity to "barbarians" living throughout Europe.

1. Clovis I
   Dagobert I
2. Theuderic III
   Charles I

The Frankish king Charles I, known better as Charlemagne, engaged in warfare with other Germanic tribes to unite them under the authority of Christianity. This new, united territory became known as the Holy Roman Empire.

1. 5 percent
   10 percent
2. 20 percent
   40 percent

The Catholic Church established the 10 percent tithe to separate their income from the kings' taxes levied in individual kingdoms. Through this form of monetary acquisition, the Catholic Church was able to quickly establish itself as a major power during medieval times.

1. Vassals
   Squires
2. Serfs
   Bishops

Serfs were the poorest of the peasant class, living in a way that's often considered slavery since they were required to remain on the land they worked. These serfs were owned by the lords they worked for and forced to not only grow food but also pay rent.

1. Achaemenid Empire
   Byzantine Empire
2. Akkadian Empire
   Ottoman Empire

The Byzantine Empire split from the Catholic Church in 1054 AD in what became known as the East-West Schism. After the split, the church of the Byzantine Empire was called the Eastern Orthodox with their own authority figures and religious practices.

1. The Curse
   Leprosy
2. Black Death
   Yellow fever

The Black Death is thought to have been brought to Europe on ships sailing from Asia, where the disease first devastated communities. The disease was quickly recognized and the ships were sent away, but it wasn't quick enough to stop the disease from spreading.

1. King John
   King Richard I
2. King Henry III
   King Philip II

After coming to power, it didn't take King John long to create enemies both inside and outside his kingdom. First, he lost favor with the Catholic Church over disputes with Pope Innocent III, and he later faced an internal rebellion after failing to maintain previous customs that were in place.

1. A castle
   A monastery
2. A moat
   A manor

Monasteries in the Middle Ages were almost completely self-sufficient. The members of the monastery would both grow food and make clothes to keep from having contact with the outside world, as they wanted to put their full focus on God.

1. Bushido
   Danelaw
2. Chivalry
   Visigothic Code

Violence and warfare were commonplace during medieval times, and knights, of course, were the ones engaging in this activity. Chivalry was established to give a knight ground rules on how to conduct themselves around those with less power than them.

1. Fief
   Keep
2. Moat
   Manor

A fief, an estate of land, was provided to a free man from a lord in exchange for services and loyalty. The main service provided was a military allegiance in the event that war broke out and the lord needed to raise an army.

1. Squire
   Page
2. Baron
   Journeyman

An apprentice in the Middle Ages could became a journeyman after three to four years of practice at a craft, which they often started as young as 10 years old. As a journeyman, they were still training to become an expert, but they could start working within the marketplace.

1. Iberia
   Normandy
2. Scandinavia
   Sicily

The Vikings had a very complex political, social and religious life living in Scandinavia. They carried many of these customs across the sea with them as they raided distant lands while also merging with local cultures as they settled these new areas.

1. Squire
   Bishop
2. Page
   Vassal

Typically, vassals were either knights or barons, though occasionally members of the nobility became trusted vassals as well. The concept of a vassal is believed to have originated in England where all land was considered to be in possession of the king.

1. Battle of Tours
   Battle of Poitiers
2. Battle of Hastings
   Battle of Agincourt

Charles Martel led Frankish forces against Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi and the Umayyad Caliphate, who had been expanding Muslim influence in Europe for decades. The Frankish victory was the beginning of a dynasty that dominated Europe for centuries to come.

1. France
   England
2. Spain
   Italy

The Norman conquest of England brought major changes to the kingdom other than new rule under the House of Normandy. One major change resulting from William's conquest was the elimination of slavery in England, a practice that could be traced back to the Romans.

1. Pope Urban II
   Bernard of Clairvaux
2. Frederick II
   Peter the Hermit

When Pope Urban II made a call for a force of crusaders to take back Jerusalem from unfriendly Muslim forces occupying the city, Peter the Hermit took note and made it his mission to lead the charge. He immediately traveled across Europe seeking members to join his People's Crusade.

1. The Second Crusade
   The Third Crusade
2. The Fourth Crusade
   The Fifth Crusade

The Third Crusade was the result of Saladin, who ruled as the Ayyubid sultan, conquering Jerusalem during his conquest of the Holy Land. Forces from England, France and Germany united on this journey and achieved major victories, but they weren't able to recapture Jerusalem.

1. Rollo
   Cnut the Great
2. Erik the Red
   Leif Erickson

Rollo is depicted as a character in the show "Vikings" that premiered on the History Channel in 2013. In the show, he's the brother of the Viking legend Ragnar Lothbrok, but eventually he betrays his brother to become the Duke of Normandy.

1. Denmark
   England
2. Norway
   Normandy

Uniting England, Denmark and Norway, Cnut the Great formed a vast territory under his rule known as the North Sea Empire. However, the empire did not survive long and began to crumble near his death before fully collapsing after he passed.

1. Battle of Edington
   Battle of Hastings
2. Battle of Bosworth Field
   Battle of Fulford

By the end of the 9th century, the Vikings had made their presence known across Britain by winning major territory in the north and east parts of the country. These invaders managed to force Alfred the Great to go into hiding before he raised forces and launched a counterattack at the Battle of Edington.

1. 5th
   8th
2. 11th
   13th

After the Umayyad Dynasty conquered much of Iberia in the 8th century, Muslims maintained at least some control in the region until the end of the Middle Ages. During this period, Muslim, Christian and Jewish cultures merged as these groups were forced to live aside one another.

1. Apostate
   Bishop
2. Baron
   Squire

As the servant of a knight, squires had various responsibilities that they were required to perform in service of their lord. They often carried around supplies and attended to horses, but some squires even followed knights into battle.

1. Fine them
   Joust them
2. Excommunicate them
   Force payment of a relief

The Catholic Church wasn't afraid to excommunicate a king who went against their wishes. However, they didn't limit excommunication to royalty, as members of the clergy, vassals and common people all faced being cut off from the influence of the Papal power.

1. North America
   Asia
2. South America
   Africa

During medieval times, Marco Polo used the Silk Road to travel between Europe and Asia, where he made contact as far as China. Though he wasn't the first European to embark on this journey, he was the first one to write a book about his adventures, giving Europeans a glimpse of what Asia was like.

1. Told of the end of times
   Outline the goals of England
2. Separated England from the Catholic Church
   A land survey

To better control England, William the Conqueror had the Domesday Book recorded in order to get a better gauge on where power lay within the kingdom. He was able to use this knowledge when he redistributed land to the followers who were loyal during the conquest.

1. University of Oxford
   University of Cambridge
2. University of Bologna
   University of Coimbra

Founded in 1088 AD, the University of Bologna was established as a center of study in law for students across Europe. The earliest students went on to fill positions within either the Catholic Church or the state.

1. Pope Clement V
   Pope Benedict XI
2. Pope John XXII
   Pope Boniface VIII

Pope Clement V became a close ally of King Philip IV of France, who he allowed to imprison and torture members of the Knights Templar into giving confessions of heresy. Philip encouraged the pope to provide him with this authority because he wanted to eliminate debts France owed to the Templar.

1. The Song of Roland
   The Divine Comedy
2. The Canterbury Tales
   The Travels of Marco Polo

"The Canterbury Tales" was written as a series of stories following pilgrims as the embark on a journey from London to the Canterbury Cathedral. These pilgrims were encouraged to tell a story that would be rewarded with a free supper if their story was deemed the best.

1. Treaty of Durham
   Treaty of Lambeth
2. Treaty of London
   Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton

After a long war, both England and Scotland sought peace to end the bitter conflict, which had turned in the Scottish favor. The Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton was finally reached with the agreement that King Edward II's daughter would marry the son of Robert the Bruce.

1. Edward III
   Richard II
2. Henry II
   John

The death of Charles IV of France left the French kingdom without a ruler as he died without an heir. King Edward III of England was his closest male relative, but the nobility in France refused to accept an English ruler, leading to war when Edward tried to claim the throne.

1. France
   England
2. Austria
   Portugal

The Peasants' Revolt in England came in the middle of the bitter Hundred Years' War, which had already taken its toll on the English crown. The revolt was the result of taxes levied on the people of England to fund English campaigns in France.

1. Siege of Orleans
   Battle of Castillon
2. Battle of Poitiers
   Battle of Patay

Holding vast territory across France due to an invasion in 1415, England seemed to have the upper hand in the Hundred Years' War. When French forces led by Joan of Arc broke the Siege of Orleans, it was a major turning point for the French, who would go on to win several more battles in the coming year.

1. Chamber
   Canon
2. Enfeoff
   Fair

After the split with the Eastern Christian Church, the Western churches were able to maintain a uniform canon law throughout the medieval period. However, the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century changed not only canon law but also the future of religion in Europe.

1. House of Plantagenet
   House of Lancaster
2. House of York
   House of Tudor

The House of Tudor began with the ascension of Henry VII and wouldn't end until the death of Elizabeth I, who died without an heir. With the death of Elizabeth, James VI of Scotland came to power, beginning the House of Stuart.

1. Rome
   Paris
2. Constantinople
   Madrid

Despite numerous sieges, Constantinople managed to survive as the capital of the Byzantine Empire for over 1,000 years. Its longevity can be credited to a series of walls built around the city throughout the 5th century.

1. French
   Portuguese
2. English
   Muslim

The Reconquista was one of the final events that marked the end of the medieval period in Europe. Spain and Portugal became the leaders of the new era to rise, the Age of Exploration.

1. Battle of St. Albans
   Battle of Wakefield
2. Battle of Towton
   Battle of Bosworth Field

The conflict between the Duke of York and the Duke of Somerset started after Henry VI's mental breakdown that left him unable to rule. The two dukes vied for the right to serve as the Lord Protector, a position that was awarded to the Duke of York until Henry recovered.

1. Athens
   Madrid
2. Florence
   Paris

Stationed in Florence, the Medici family was one of the richest families in Europe. They used their wealth to inspire arts and humanism across the continent, helping usher in the Renaissance.

1. Colonialism
   Feudalism
2. Capitalism
   Socialism

Considering 90 percent of the population worked as peasants, feudalism clearly showed an imbalance of power. A peasant's life in medieval Europe was quite difficult and relatively short, as most died before the age of 30.