1. Real action mark-up
   Rapid accessory movement
2. Random access memory

RAM, which stands for "random access memory," is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if the row and column is known.

1. Dynamic RAM
   Static RAM
2. VideoRAM

In dynamic RAM (DRAM), the most common type of RAM, a transistor and a capacitor pair up to make a memory cell. The capacitor holds a bit of information (in the form of a 1 or 0), while the transistor acts as a switch, allowing the control circuitry to change the state of the memory.

1. Once every minute
   A few times per second
2. Thousands of times per second

Dynamic RAM needs to automatically refresh thousands of times per second; that's where it gets the name "dynamic." Otherwise, it will forget the information it's holding.

1. Copper
   Silicon
2. Plastic

Memory cells are etched onto wafers made out of silicon, the important element used for integrated circuits in computer chips.

1. Dynamic RAM is faster than static RAM.
   Static RAM is faster than dynamic RAM.
2. There isn't much of a difference between static and dynamic RAM.

Because static RAM requires anywhere from four to six transistors and some wiring, the memory never has to be refreshed. It's therefore faster than dynamic RAM. Because it has more parts, though, it takes up more space on a memory chip, which gives the chip less memory and makes it more expensive.

1. Printed circuit board
   Module
2. Memory bank

Memory chips almost always come as part of a card called a module. Memory's usually listed with two numbers, such as 8x32 or 4x16. The first number represents the number of chips on the module, while the second one tells the capacity of each individual chip, measured in megabits (Mb), or one million bits.

1. EDO DRAM
   Flash
2. VRAM

Although flash memory is a type of memory, it acts more like a hard drive than RAM does. EDO DRAM and VRAM are both legitimate types of RAM. EDO DRAM, which stands for extended data-out dynamic random access memory, doesn't process the first bit before continuing to the next -- once its location is confirmed, EDO DRAM starts looking for the next bit, making it slightly faster than similar RAM types like FPM RAM. VRAM, or VideoRAM, is a type of RAM used for video adapters or 3-D accelorators.

1. 8
   10
2. 16

RAM is mostly sold in multiples of 16 megabytes: 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 and 1,024 (the same as 1GB).

1. Proprietary
   SIMM (single in-line memory module)
2. DIMM (dual in-line memory module)

Boards and connectors are constantly evolving, but the first kinds used for RAM were considered proprietary. This meant that the different computer manufacturers developing memory boards would only design ones that worked with their specific systems.

1. Processes bits and bytes
   Checks for errors
2. Deletes memory

In RAM, parity is a type of built-in error-checking system. After the 8 bits in a byte receive data, even parity works by adding to total number of 1s. If the number is odd, the parity bit is set to 1; if the number is even, the parity bit is set to 0. When the data is read back, the total is added up again and compared to the first total. If the parity bit is 1, the data is error-free, but if the total is odd and the parity is 0, the chip recognizes a problem and gets rid of the data. Odd parity works in the same fashion, just the other way around.

1. the BIOS
   the graphics card
2. the controller

Video cards can have up to several gigabytes of memory to make graphics run smoother.

1. closer to the CPU than system memory
   stored on the hard drive
2. used only in financial calculations

Cache memory is closer to the CPU in order to be more accessible. It's usually static RAM.

1. a bus cycle
   a bit node
2. a data unit

Each interaction is a bus cycle.

1. 9 to 70 nanoseconds
   16 to 32 picoseconds
2. 150 to 200 microseconds

The access time is between 9 and 70 nanoseconds. A nanosecond is one-billionth of a second.

1. surfing the Internet
   photo editing
2. gaming

Both photo editing and gaming use large amounts of RAM. Checking out a Facebook page does not.

1. Wear rubber gloves.
   Always unplug the computer.
2. Leave the computer plugged in.

Leave the computer plugged in unless the manufacturer advises against it. This establishes a ground and prevents static electricity discharges that can harm the memory card.

1. 1024
   10486
2. 1048576

A kilobyte is 1,024 bytes. A gigabyte is more than a billion bytes.

1. dynamic random access memory
   magnetic core memory
2. punch card memory

Dennard figured out how to use a transistor to create dynamic random access memory (DRAM). His invention was the basis of the microcomputer revolution.

1. molybdenum
   platinum
2. ceramic

Core memory was based on ferro-magnetic ceramics that could be magnetized in one of two directions.

1. 256 bytes
   10 kilobytes
2. 16 megabytes

The Altair, sold as a kit in 1975, had only 256 bytes of memory. Users could add more. This computer excited a Harvard undergraduate named Bill Gates.

1. dynamic incorporated memory module
   dual in-line memory module
2. data input memory manager

Dual in-line memory modules are the most common form of RAM in today's computers.