1. 1760
   1910
2. 1840
   1710

Economic historian Arnold Toynbee first described the time from 1760 to 1840 as the Industrial Revolution. Since then, historians agree on 1760 as when it began and spread throughout Europe and the United States.

1. United States
   The United Kingdom
2. France
   China

Events leading up to the Industrial Revolution first began in the United Kingdom. Prior to its arrival, manufacturing was typically done in people's homes using hand tools or basic machines. It wasn't until around 1790 that the Industrial Revolution arrived in the United States.

1. A movement in the United Kingdom where farmers surrounded factories and forced protests.
   A movement in the United Kingdom where farmers' lands were sealed off from use.
2. The legal process in England that consolidated small communal landholdings into larger private farms.
   A religious movement that lead to small groups removing themselves from modern society.

During the Agricultural Revolution, British parliament passed legislation that allowed for what was shared land to be privately owned. This led to wealthy farmers buying as much of it as they could, which then forced smaller farmers off of their land. As a result, those who no longer had a means to farm went to cities in search of work in factories and mines.

1. Thomas Jefferson
   Samuel Slater
2. George Washington
   Alexander Graham Bell

Samuel Slater was an English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" after he introduced the first water-powered cotton mill to the United States using technology he brought with him from the United Kingdom. He built tenant farms and towns around his mills, which first emerged in Rhode Island.

1. People remained where they always had before the Revolution.
   Smaller, rural communities began to grow, causing a dip in population in urban areas.
2. Rural and urban communities grew at the same pace, keeping the populations balanced.
   People flocked to urban towns and cities in droves, causing a massive uptick in population in these areas.

With the boom of factories and mills in urban cities, people began to leave rural communities and farms in incredibly high numbers, all of them seeking work. This caused a major uptick in population in those cities, especially ones on the east coast. This also lead to a number of issues, especially overcrowding.

1. The Pacific northwest
   The Southwest
2. The South
   The Northeast

The eastern coast of America specifically was at the center of the Industrial Revolution. When Samuel Slater built his first mills and factories in Rhode Island, this set up the whole region to become the powerhouse it was during this time. Factories soon began to pop up all over the area, especially in cities like New York and Boston.

1. The rich remained rich, the middle class became larger, and the poor obtained more money.
   The middle class had a rise in their standard of living, the rich got richer and the poor became poorer.
2. Americans became more equal in terms of wealth and land ownership.
   There were no economic effects, only that machines began to replace people in factories.

The Industrial Revolution marked a time when the middle class truly began to thrive, but the working and poor classes only grew to be poorer. The upper class, especially those who owned factories, saw incredible growth in their wealth. This also helped lead to the emergence of wealthy corporations.

1. Tenements
   Shanties
2. Shelters
   Cottages

Tenements were a run-down and often overcrowded type of apartment that would house multiple families at a time. These especially existed in the poor areas of large cities, and eventually also became the primary type of housing immigrants had to live in after they would arrive in America.

1. Samuel Morse
   James Watts
2. Eli Whitney
   Jethro Tull

In 1793, American inventor Eli Whitney introduced the cotton gin and forever changed the way seeds were removed from cotton and processed for use in textiles. The machine was especially used in the South, where plantations of cotton fields were in abundance.

1. America's South became the leading region in cotton production in the world. Everyone, including slaves, benefited.
   The cotton gin was a huge success for those who owned cotton plantations. It also lead to a decrease in slavery.
2. The cotton gin failed and tanked the cotton industry. This lead to a significant decrease in slavery.
   The cotton gin drove the increase in demand for cotton, which then resulted in the significant growth of slavery.

While the cotton gin lead to an immense rise in the yield of cotton and placed America at the front of all production worldwide, it also lead to the growth of slavery. The cotton gin did reduce the need for human labor, but with the increase of cotton demand it forced the need for slaves to grow and pick it.

1. Thousands of children under the age of 10 had to work in factories, many in very dangerous conditions.
   This was the introduction of children into the workforce, but they were paid more than adults.
2. Children took on more responsibilities around their homes, since often both parents were at work.
   Children started taking internships to learn more about factory work in a safer atmosphere.

Child labor has always existed, but never was it so prominent as it was during the Industrial Revolution. Low-income families started sending their children to factories so that they could bring home some money as well. However, they were barely paid anything and often were used in situations that were especially dangerous, leading to severe injuries.

1. Pittsburgh, PA
   Paris, France
2. Nashville, TN
   Manchester, U.K.

The nickname "Cottonopolis" was given to the city of Manchester, England. It was famed as the world's first industrial city, and during the Industrial Revolution was revered as the home of the cotton industry in the U.K. Still, it would never come close to how successful America's South was in the cotton industry.

1. Henry Ford
   Robert Fulton
2. Cyrus McCormick
   John McAdam

Henry Ford, who is also the founder of the Ford Motor Company, first introduced his assembly line in 1913 in his auto factory. After he did this, he was able to build a car in under three hours when it used to take twelve! This innovation forever changed the way the auto industry manufactures vehicles.

1. Factory, mill and mine workers were forced to work in horrible, unsafe situations for very little pay.
   Factory workers wanted to feel a bigger sense of community among themselves.
2. Women and children wanted more job opportunities in factories, so labor.
   Workers were happy with factory and mill conditions and wanted things to stay the same.

Labor unions initially formed because workers were fed up with the working conditions they were subjected to, but even more importantly, that the government took very little interested in making sure standards were in place or that any sort of regulation was active in how businesses treated their employees.

1. Unions were responsible for getting factory workers' rights.
   Unions helped protect the jobs of workers by acting as lawyers for them.
2. Unions fought for better pay and hours, safer work conditions, and implemented the use of strikes.
   Unions protected the rights of children who worked in factories.

One of the most notable things that labor unions introduced and organized at this time were strikes. This helped them peacefully negotiate with employers to get better working conditions and pay for workers in factories, mills and mines.

1. John Adams
   Andrew Jackson
2. George Washington
   Thomas Jefferson

The Industrial Revolution arrived in the United States in 1790. George Washington was President from 1789 to 1797, leading the country through the formative years of technological advances in machinery and manufacturing.

1. This was the first time women had control of their lives and experienced freedoms they hadn't before.
   More women began to farm as men left to work in factories.
2. Women felt and at times were actually forced to enter the workforce for the very first time.
   Women did not like the affects of the Industrial Revolution and were the first to lead strikes against it.

A majority of women during the Industrial Revolution were not wealthy and were forced to enter the workforce to help provide for their families. While this could have been an empowering moment, they earned a fraction of what men were paid.

1. A group of girls who would travel from mill to mill in the Northeast to sell new machinery.
   The first women to protest poor working conditions in Lowell, MA.
2. Young female workers who worked for corporations in Lowell, MA
   A group of women who owned a number of mills throughout Lowell, MA

The Lowell Mills girls were young women who joined the workforce of their own accord in Lowell, MA. At the time, Francis Cabot Lowell was able to offer the thousands of them competitive pay and even provided housing. By 1840, they made up nearly three-quarters of the mill workforce.

1. Thomas Edison
   Samuel Morse
2. Alexander Graham Bell
   Cyrus McCormick

Samuel Morse developed the telegraph in the 1830s and 1840s, transmitting electrical signals from one station to another through wire that was laid in between them. On May 24, 1844, Morse sent his famous message, "What hath God wrought?" from Washington to Baltimore.

1. The steam locomotive
   Interchangeable parts
2. Dynamite
   The Spinning Jenny

After he invented the cotton gin, Eli Whitney began to build firearms. He was the first to use interchangeable parts in his manufacturing process, which then cut down the time it took to make them and made it cheaper to repair if needed. It was also easier for unskilled laborers to manufacture products.

1. Textile workers who refused to implement the use of machines that were invented during the Revolution.
   Big believers in the effects of the Industrial Revolution in America.
2. People who disliked new technology. This group rallied against the Industrial Revolution in England.
   People who believed the Revolution would destroy the planet through pollution.

“Luddite” is a term still used today to describe people who dislike new technology, but it was first used to describe disgruntled workers who rallied against the Industrial Revolution in England. Some even broke into factories and smashed textile machines after their appeals for government aid were ignored.

1. Conservatism
   Classical Liberalism
2. Neo-Liberalism
   Humanism

Classical liberalism emerged as a response to industrialization and urbanization during the Revolution in both the U.S. and U.K. It focused on a belief of individual liberty and a very limited, small government; that people should be able to sell their products, goods or services to others without intervention from the government, unless people's welfare was in jeopardy.

1. Karl Marx
   Friedrich Nietzsche
2. Jeremy Bentham
   Immanuel Kant

Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher and political radical who founded the basis of Utilitarianism on the idea that actions should be judged based on their consequences; that morally appropriate or "good" behavior will not do any harm to others, but instead increase overall happiness or "utility."

1. The President of the Soviet Union during the Industrial Revolution.
   A French inventor, credited with inventing a new type of engine that was used in locomotives.
2. An American philosopher who directly disagreed with the fundamentals of Liberalism.
   A German philosopher, economist, and sociologist who introduced his concept of socialism as a response to capitalism.

Karl Marx was also known for his work as a historian, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. He believed that no one, or no class, should have any sort of power over another. Marxism's biggest drive was to remove power from the corporations and government.

1. The Spinning Jenny
   The steam engine
2. The cotton gin
   The Reaper

James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny in England during the early days of the Industrial Revolution. It helped bring the textile industry out of people's homes and into factories. As production sped up and output increased with this new machine, more and more people were needed to spin and process cloth.

1. Mixed economy
   Barter economy
2. Political economy
   Capitalistic economy

While capitalism had its roots and existed before the Industrial Revolution his the United States, this was the period that it hit its stride. Capitalism exists with the base belief that private individuals or companies can invest their money how they wish, so they can make greater profits and build their wealth. It functions with the assumption that the market will determine costs through demand, and that the government will not interfere in how it all plays out.

1. They bought or undersold their competitors and smaller companies and created monopolies.
   They turned their attention to political issues, and began to lobby for laws and legislation.
2. Corporations first owned all of the land, which meant they also owned all of the businesses.
   Owners of corporations simply invested their money well, and built wealth off of their earnings.

Corporations like the Standard Oil Company founded by John D. Rockefeller and the U.S. Steel Company founded by Andrew Carnegie implemented practices like "cutting out the middle man" and underselling their competitors that would lead to these other businesses either going under or having to sell to corporations. This type of business practice is heavily practiced by corporations today.

1. It allowed for expansion along waterways so that factories could use water to power their steam engines.
   It was used to power factories, machines, locomotives, ships, and even cars.
2. They replaced coal engines completely, which created a cleaner way to create energy.
   They allowed for contaminated water to be used again through a cleansing mechanism.

Before steam power and the steam engine, a majority of factories were powered by wind, water or even horse or man. Prior to its creation, factories also had to be placed along sources of water and were not able to expand beyond that. With the steam engine, factories and their machines became more efficient, and people were able to travel by steam-powered locomotive, ship and car.

1. The middle class
   Politicians
2. The working class
   Farmers

Because the middle class had more job opportunities than they ever had before, they were able to lift themselves up out of the lower standards of living they had experienced before. The middle class started to enjoy better, healthier diets, as well as other luxuries that having a little more money can offer.

1. Strikes still happen today to fight for higher wages, benefits, or better working conditions.
   Labor unions still focus on protecting younger people from child labor infractions.
2. Unions will still do public postings of usual salary or payment amounts for specific jobs.
   Walk outs are still prolific today, allowing for unionized workers to fight for their rights immediately.

Labor unions were responsible for creating successful strikes during the Industrial Revolution, setting up for the continued use of them to fight for workers' rights or benefits even today. It allows for peaceful protest and helps protect the jobs of workers who decide to strike. An example of recent strikes in America is the teachers' strikes across a number of states.

1. Cyrus McCormick
   Robert Fulton
2. Samuel Slater
   Elias Howe

Cyrus McCormick invented the reaper in 1831, speeding up the process of harvesting wheat, grains, and other crops by replacing the process of having to cut down everything by hand. The reaper was horse-drawn and also mechanized, increasing productivity and removing some of the hard labor farmers had faced for decades up to this point.

1. Not enough jobs
   Contaminated water
2. Lack of vaccine access
   Tuberculosis

A high number of factories that popped up all over large cities were guilty of dumping waste into rivers, which were used for drinking water by many in these cities. This especially affected the working and poor class, who were already in overcrowded, unhealthy living conditions. Other forms of pollution also became a problem, causing other issues like trouble with breathing.

1. He invented the English telephone, which transformed the way the U.K. communicated.
   He improved the design of the locomotive, which made moving products from factories easier.
2. He proposed legislation that would protect factory workers from poor working conditions.
   He improved the design of the steam engine, making it more efficient and cheaper to run.

James Watts was an English inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements in steam engine technology drove the Industrial Revolution, first in the United Kingdom and eventually in the United States. He took the existing engine created by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen and made it smaller and more efficient, not needing as much coal to function as before.

1. He innovated the way roads are designed and how they are laid.
   He discovered and developed tar coating and asphalt that are on our roads today.
2. He was one of the innovators responsible for the emergence of motor vehicles.
   He was the first man to lay actual paved roads instead of dirt roads.

John McAdam was a Scottish engineer whose innovation was the biggest advancement in road design and construction. Some of these roads still exist today and are named after him. Before the McAdam Road, large rocks were laid to create a surface for roads. McAdam's design used crushed rocks and allowed for much smoother roads, which were able to be done faster and cheaper.

1. It paved the way for corporations to climb to the top and become leaders in every industry.
   It transformed the social and economic structures of the U.S. and U.K., and lead to the innovations we have today.
2. Labor unions were created, transforming the way workers are treated across all industries.
   It forever impacted the way factories, mills, and mines are run, which eventually lead to their demise.

The Industrial Revolution was a significant fundamental change in the way goods are designed, produced and manufactured, which also ultimately altered the way people lived. It was also the moment in history where we can see a complete change in society on every level; politically, economically and socially new ideas emerged.