1. Multisystem injury
   Double injury
2. Serious injury
   None of the above

Multisystem injuries are very serious indeed. For example, a patient involved in a motor vehicle accident might have injured their respiratory system -- damaging their lungs -- and they may have suffered head injuries as well.

1. The patient will cough
   The patient's chest will rise and fall
2. The patient will pass gas
   None of the above

In some situations, a patient might not be able to breathe on their own. In that case, an EMT will aid the patient in breathing using a bag valve mask. To ensure that this is working properly, the EMT will watch the patient's chest to see if the lungs fill and contract with each breath.

1. Major organ injury
   Motor organ intensive
2. Mechanism of injury
   None of the above

The letters MOI mean "mechanism of injury" in emergency lingo. This is a full description of the injuries a patient is suffering from. Essentially, it is the who, what, when, where and how of each specific injury a patient might have.

1. True
2. False

There are many ways a patient may experience blunt trauma. They could have been hit with a blunt weapon, such as a 2x4 piece of wood. Or think of a motor vehicle accident before airbags -- a steering wheel could hurt a person's chest with a blunt trauma injury. In blunt trauma, bruising is visible but the skin would not be penetrated.

1. Back
   Abdomen
2. Left side
   Right side

Patients may be found lying in a number of ways. If lying down with the front of their body on the ground, they are said to be prone. EMTs might put someone in a prone position to improve ventilation if the person is having trouble breathing.

1. Heart
   Lungs
2. Kidneys
   Skin

Yes, that's right! The skin is classified as an organ, and it is therefore the largest organ found in the body. It is also the fastest growing. The top part of the skin is known as the epidermis. Our skin helps us to keep warm when it is cold and cools us when it is hot.

1. True
2. False

No, the application of a heat source is not passive but active rewarming. An example of passive rewarming is after someone has fallen into cold water. The EMT would remove the wet clothing and then add insulation in the form of a blanket to prevent any more heat loss from the body.

1. Burns
   Broken leg
2. Broken arm
   None of the above

Burn injuries are simply horrible. They can be caused in a number of ways. The most obvious cause is flames, but exposure to radiation or chemicals such as acids can also cause severe burns. Often, patients with severe burns might need a skin graft.

1. Fewer
   More
2. The same
   None of the above

Although the Bible tells us that Eve was made from the rib of Adam, men and women have exactly the same number of ribs. There are 12 pairs of ribs in our body, so that is 24 in total.

1. Autonomic and somatic
   Femur and tibia
2. Aorta and left ventricle
   None of the above

The nervous system is split into two distinct parts, both of which play a crucial role in our bodies. They control the movements of our body and can be voluntary, such as when we choose to put one foot in front of the other to walk, and involuntary, such as breathing.

1. Through the air
   Through certain body fluids
2. Through touch
   None of the above

HIV cannot be transmitted through inhalation or through regular contact. It can only be transmitted through bodily fluids. This includes blood or sexual fluids from an infected patient. It does NOT include saliva.

1. 50 to 60 percent
   Under 50 percent
2. 90 to 100 percent
   Around 60 percent

If a patient is not breathing, or not taking in enough oxygen, an EMT will use a bag valve mask to help them breathe. This mask is manually operated as the EMS squeezes a bag to push oxygen into the patient's lungs. It will provide around 90 to 100 percent oxygen.

1. Brain pressure
   Intracranial pressure
2. Inner pressure
   Grey matter pressure

Intracranial pressure is pressure from inside the skull. It also describes pressure on the brain tissue and the fluid around the brain, which is called cerebrospinal fluid. Intracranial pressure can lead to vomiting, headaches and problems with eyesight.

1. 100
   1,500
2. 500
   1,000

An average male patient should have a tidal volume of around 500 mL. But what does tidal volume measure? Tidal volume is the amount of gas that is inhaled and then exhaled during one breath cycle.

1. Make sure they are warm
   Administer a painkilling drug
2. Make sure their airway is clear, make sure they are breathing properly and that there is circulation of blood in their body
   None of the above

Any patient must have a clear airway to be able to breathe. An EMT will then make sure the patient can breathe on their own, or bring in equipment to help them. Circulation is also important, so they will check that the heart is pumping properly.

1. Transferred through body fluids
   Spread from person to person
2. Fatal
   None of the above

Communicable diseases are spread from person to person but not through one specific way. In the case of HIV, the disease is spread through body fluids, while in the case of influenza, the virus can be transferred in saliva or through the air.

1. Rush to the first call they hear on the radio.
   Eat a meal.
2. Check the ambulance and re-stock equipment if necessary.
   None of the above

A critical part of any shift is to ensure the vehicle an EMT goes out in is fully stocked. This is done at the start of the shift before the vehicle hits the road. Depending on how busy the last crew was, this can be an easy or difficult task. Nevertheless, it must be done.

1. The upper airway
   The toe
2. The rib cage
   None of the above

The ribs are connected by a cartilage called the costal arch. Also known as the costal margin, it is formed between the seventh to tenth ribs.

1. Pain in their hands
   Flaring nostrils
2. Blurry vision
   None of the above

A patient suffering from respiratory distress is not getting enough oxygen in their system while breathing. This will show in the fact that their nostrils will flare as they try harder and harder to breathe. You will also notice more movement in the accessory muscles, such as the diaphragm.

1. Patella
   Thoracic
2. Mandible
   Ulna

In medical terms, the kneecap is known as the patella. Its primary job is to protect the knee joint. Interestingly, babies are born without a patella but have a soft cartilage protecting the knee joints. This cartilage eventually forms into the patella when they are around 36 months old.

1. Nose
2. Mouth

Infants will breathe through their noses when they are born. At around six months, they will also begin to breathe through their mouths. We are meant to breathe through our noses in any case, as the hairs in the nose help to capture impurities in the air, making it cleaner. We also breathe out slower through our noses, which allows the lungs to extract more oxygen.

1. True
2. False

If someone has type 1 diabetes, their pancreas does not produce insulin. These patients rely on an insulin dose daily, and sometimes even more than one, to keep their blood sugar level in a healthy band. People with type 1 diabetes often inject insulin before meals to keep their blood sugar levels from spiking.

1. Heart
   Lungs
2. Ears
   Eyes

The bronchi are the two pathways that lead down into the lungs. They are divided into a left and right bronchi and branch out from the trachea. Essentially, they are the passage for air into our lungs.

1. Temporary blindness
   Bleeding from the nose
2. Retrograde amnesia
   None of the above

Retrograde amnesia is best described as having no recollection of events before the concussion incident took place. Procedural memory and the ability to learn new things is not affected. In a patient suffering from concussion, retrograde amnesia will eventually disappear.

1. Snoring
   Wheezing
2. Coughing
   Gurgling

A patient with an obstructed airway will produce a sound known as stertor. This is a sound very similar to snoring. It is caused by turbulent airflow in the upper airway, a result of vibration of the pharyngeal tissues.

1. Brain
   Heart
2. Liver
   Lungs

The coronary arteries provide a supply of blood to the heart. There are two main coronary arteries, the left and the right. Coronary artery disease is the most common type of heart disease and leads to many deaths worldwide each year. This occurs when the coronary arteries harden and narrow, making it more difficult to supply blood to the heart.

1. Knee
   Calcaneus
2. Ankle
   Toe

The calcaneus is just another name for the heel bone. The Achilles tendon attaches to the foot at this point. The calcaneus is the large bony part you see at the back of your heel. This is the largest bone in the human foot.

1. Green
   Yellow
2. Red
   None of the above

A patient suffering a heart attack needs help right away. In the triage system. They would be classified as a "red" patient and dealt with by EMTs immediately, even if there were other patients that needed help. Green patients will need to be treated too, but their injuries or condition is not considered to be life-threatening.

1. Humerus
   Scapula
2. Sternum
   Clavicle

The upper bone in the arm is called the humerus. It connects the shoulder with the elbow. "Humerus" comes from the Latin word for the upper arm.

1. True
2. False

If a patient has suffered a penetrating trauma, the skin would definitely be pierced. An example of penetrating trauma is a knife wound. A deep penetrating wound would pierce down at various levels below the skin and into the flesh.

1. Knee
   Neck
2. Ankle
   Forearm

Named after the Greek word "krikoeides," which means ring-shaped, the cricoid cartilage is located in the neck. This cartilage is round, as the name suggests, and surrounds the trachea.

1. True
2. False

Yes, tuberculosis is a very infectious disease and can be easily spread through the air via a cough or sneeze or even when the infected person talks. If an EMT knows a person has tuberculosis, they should wear a mask at all times.

1. Yes
2. No

Unlike patients with type 1 diabetes, who need to inject insulin, those with type 2 diabetes can control their blood sugar levels by means of oral medication. People with type 2 diabetes might produce insulin, but either it is not effective or their bodies do not produce enough. That is why they need medication daily.

1. Very little iron in the blood
   Low oxygen levels in the blood
2. Low iron levels in body tissue
   None of the above

A low level of oxygen in the blood, called "hypoxemia," can have many causes. It is most often a problem that patients with some form of respiratory condition suffer from. This can lead to hypoxia, a condition in which body tissue suffers from low oxygen levels.

1. 0-2 liters per minute
   1-6 liters per minute
2. 12-15 liters per minute
   Above 20 liters per minute

In the hospital, you will often see patients with a tube across their nose with two points just entering their nostrils. This is a nasal cannula, and it is used instead of a face mask, which makes it hard for the patient to communicate. The level of oxygen for a nasal cannula should be set between 1 and 6 liters per minute.