1. in August 1944
   in April 1945
2. in July 1945

Following an important victory at Iwo Jima, Allied forces decided to attack the Okinawa area in April 1945. This battle featured large-scale clashes between Japanese and American combat units.

1. very rainy
   fairly dry
2. hurricane conditions

The weather was fairly dry that year, at least in April. As May approached, heavy rains soaked the islands, creating endless mud pits that made life miserable for soldiers on both sides.

1. Operation Iceberg
   Operation Firestorm
2. Operation Wavefront

The Allied assault was codenamed Operation Iceberg. The focal point of the operated centered around the island of Okinawa.

1. 28 days
   66 days
2. 82 days

The Allies hoped to use Okinawa as a headquarters from which to launch attacks directly on mainland Japan. The Japanese, however, wouldn't give up easily -- the battle raged for 82 days.

1. many urban caves
   many tall buildings
2. many walls

As was the local custom, many houses were surrounded by walls. These walls were perfect cover for enemy snipers, who took a great toll on the invading forces.

1. 28
   62
2. 91

The Japanese did their best to hold the waters around the islands. They sank 28 American vessels and damaged more than 200 others.

1. the war of the sky
   violent wind of steel
2. the Empire's end

The Japanese called the battle "tetsu no bofu," which means "violent wind of steel." For both sides, Okinawa devolved into one of the bloodiest and ugliest battles of the Pacific War.

1. John Pershing
   George Marshall
2. Simon Buckner

Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr. was a general during the battle. In the war's early days, he was in charge of defending the Alaskan islands.

1. a mine
   artillery shell
2. suicide attack

Buckner made a habit of visiting forward observation areas during battles, and he was sometimes less than cautious. Japanese artillery shrapnel struck his torso, and he died in a front-line operating room.

1. less than 700 miles
   less than 500 miles
2. less than 400 miles

Okinawa is just a little more than 300 miles from the Japanese mainland. Even for World War II-era bombers, this was a short distance, meaning that an Allied base on Okinawa was a critical threat to the Empire.

1. America
   Japan
2. Australia

Japan initiated Operation Ten-Go, in which a small group of Japanese naval vessels tried to beach ships on the island to provide fire support for troops who were on land. The operation was a complete disaster thanks to overwhelming Allied firepower.

1. two
   four
2. six

There were four functional airfields on the island -- and all of them were heavily defended by anti-aircraft guns and other potent Japanese weapons.

1. jungle deforestation
   cave clearing
2. mine clearing

After the battle ended, many Japanese mines remained in the waters around the islands. The navy used Operation Zebra to remove mines.

1. about 500,000
   about 300,000
2. about 50,000

There were roughly 300,000 locals on the island. By some estimates, once the smoke had cleared, nearly one-third of them were dead.

1. feared the Japanese would win
   feared the Americans would win
2. did not want to face conscription

Many locals resorted to mass suicide, as they were fearful about the atrocities they'd face if the Americans won the battle. Japanese soldiers stoked the fears of these civilians, in part to make them less useful (and more hostile) to the American troops.

1. deaths from tropical diseases
   savagery
2. tank warfare

Desperate Japanese troops and enraged Americans resorted to base behavior, torturing each other, desecrating corpses and harming civilians. The battle was known more for gore than gallantry.

1. about 500 square miles
   about 50 square miles
2. about 5 square miles

Okinawa is about 500 square miles, with some hills topping 1,500 feet in height. Its high humidity makes it a miserable place during the summer months.

1. by tank
   by hand
2. by plane

Life in the mud was unbelievably bad, and motorized vehicles were helpless in the morass. Men lugged supplies by hand, often while facing enemy fire.

1. more than 12,000
   more than 17,000
2. more than 27,000

More than 12,000 American troops were killed or went missing. Tens of thousands of Japanese soldiers died, too, but no one knows the precise number.

1. artillery
   torpedos
2. kamikaze pilots

The Japanese launched wave after wave of suicide airplane attacks. These attacks accounted for the vast majority of U.S. naval casualties.

1. minesweeper
   journalist
2. politician

Pyle was a well-known journalist who roamed America, sharing stories about what it meant to live in the United States. During the battle, he was struck by machine-gun fire. He later received a posthumous Purple Heart.

1. battleship
   cruiser
2. aircraft carrier

The Yamato was a super battleship, and at the time she was the largest battleship in the world. She carried a crew of more than 2,500 sailors.

1. withdrawal
   suicide attack
2. evade and destroy

The Yamato was sent on a suicide mission -- to defend Okinawa at any cost. She didn't even get close to the island before she was sunk.

1. at least 11
   at least 18
2. at least 22

Almost completely alone in the sea, Yamato was swarmed by hundreds of Allied warplanes. She suffered at least 11 torpedo strikes and six bomb explosions before she sank.

1. about 90 percent
   about 50 percent
2. about 30 percent

Months of fierce fighting left Okinawa in ruins. About 90 percent of the island's structures were rubble once combat ended.

1. killed himself
   charged into enemy lines
2. fled on a plane

The Americans gave Japanese generals a chance to surrender. Ushijima opted to commit suicide by gutting himself with a sword.

1. four days
   one day
2. about six hours

Buckner was very close to surviving the epic battle -- there were only four days left when he was killed.

1. true
2. false

Nearly 2,000 boys under the age of 18 were forced into combat units and made to fight Allied forces. Many of them died via suicide attacks.

1. nearly 400
   nearly 800
2. nearly 1,200

The Japanese were loathe to give up ground on Okinawa, and they didn't want to lose the skies, either. They downed nearly 800 Allied warplanes during the battle.

1. true
2. false

The nearly three-month affair was the bloodiest of the Pacific War. Including civilians and soldiers on both sides, nearly a quarter of a million people died during the ordeal.