1. Union
   Confederacy
2. indecisive

On July 21, 1861, Northern spectators gathered on the hills as you would for a sporting event, in anticipation of watching the Union wipe out the Confederate Army. Instead, the Confederates won and people suddenly realized it was going to be a real war.

1. He began drafting a surrender statement.
   He called Jefferson Davis to say hello.
2. He authorized a major jump in troop numbers.

Bull Run's outcome left Lincoln very worried and he immediately pressed to raise the number of Union troops by 500,000. In the end, he needed them.

1. The army invaded.
   They set fire to the entire state.
2. They stole their bourbon.

In the fall of 1861, the Confederate Army invaded Kentucky. The move was a political disaster in a state that was trying to remain neutral. It threw Kentucky into the Union's corner, a fact that changed the balance of the war.

1. the east
   Florida
2. the Western Theater

The February 1862 Battle of Fort Henry was a critical fight of the Western Theater in Kentucky. Union General Ulysses Grant was at the helm of Union forces there and they had a serious objective in mind.

1. long-range bombers
   gunboats
2. .50-caliber machine guns

Fort Henry was right on the Tennessee River and in a poor defensive position. Union gunboats plastered the fort and captured it even before the main army arrived. Suddenly, the Union was in control of a large swath of the river basin.

1. A Union general was killed in combat.
   The Confederacy lost only five troops.
2. The Union earned its first major victory.

In the second week of February 1862, the Confederate army surrendered, at a cost of more than 13,000 troops. It was one of the first real victories of the war for the Union, and people celebrated all over the North.

1. The North gained another invasion route into the South.
   The Confederates totally gave up.
2. Citizens of the South began making their personal grenade launchers.

Donelson was a major strategic win for the Union. It seized control of the Cumberland River, an avenue straight to the heart of Southern strongholds.

1. New Orleans
   San Diego
2. Houston

From the war's outset, both sides knew that New Orleans was a critical set piece. But the Confederacy failed to protect this jewel of the Mississippi River, and the Union captured the city in the spring of 1862.

1. There was no food at all.
   Yellow fever killed most troops.
2. They sent troops to other battles.

The South figured it needed to shore up defenses farther up the Mississippi River, but in doing so, it weakened troop levels in the city. When Union troops came up from the river's mouth (instead of the north), they bypassed much of the opposition meant to stop them.

1. the president
   a general
2. a gun maker

Albert Sidney Johnston was a Confederate general known for his strategic smarts, He was particularly well-versed in defensive measures. His combat death was a major blow.

1. He was wounded by friendly fire.
   He choked on collard greens.
2. He tripped and fell into a hole.

Johnston was accidently shot by his own men, depriving the South of one of its best commanders. A bullet to the leg caused him to bleed to death.

1. Tallahassee
   Atlanta
2. Nashville

After the Union nabbed Fort Donelson, it also gained control of the Cumberland River, which it used to push its forces into Confederate territory. It wasn't long before Nashville fell.

1. Ulysses Grant
   President Lincoln
2. Stonewall Jackson

At the Battle of Chancellorsville, General Stonewall Jackson was shot and doctors amputated his arm. A week later, he died, partly due to pneumonia and the stress of his wounds.

1. He charged into enemy lines.
   He was shot by his own men.
2. He stumbled onto a landmine.

Jackson, beloved by his troops, was shot by his own men. Scouts at the edges of the lines mistook their general for an enemy intruder.

1. He was a brilliant battlefield leader.
   He was their best politician.
2. He was friends with Ulysses Grant.

Jackson was an incredible tactician, eking out wins in battles that most other leaders would have lost. His death cheated the South of one of the few men who might have been able to turn the war's tide.

1. Maxim gun
   flamethrower
2. repeating rifle

Armed with new Spencer repeating rifles, mounted Union troops suddenly had a vital edge in firepower. The rifles helped them capture parts of central Tennessee in the Tullahoma Campaign.

1. 14 rounds per minute
   43 rounds per minute
2. 170 rounds per minute

Spencer repeating rifles were a godsend for war-weary troops, offering a firing rate of about 14 rounds per minute -- much faster than the three rounds per minute of the muzzleloaders that most troops were using.

1. It had no real effect.
   It removed three top Northern generals from the conflict.
2. It halted General Lee's invasion of the North.

The Battle of Antietam was the single bloodiest day of war in American history. It also stopped General Lee in his tracks, derailing his attempt to conquer the North.

1. that he was retiring
   the Emancipation Proclamation
2. the Stamp Act

With a momentous military win at Antietam, Lincoln struck with a political blow, too. He announced the Emancipation Proclamation, technically freeing all slaves. But many suffered under bondage until the end of the war.

1. It killed any chances of an alliance with Britain.
   It made France an ally of the South.
2. It had no effect.

Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made the North an anti-slavery stronghold. Britain was very much against human bondage, so the legislation isolated the South and made it impossible for Britain to ever recognize the Confederacy's legitimacy.

1. Britain had tanks.
   Britain's king was friends with President Lincoln.
2. Britain could help them survive a blockade.

A Union naval blockade strangled much of the South during the war. Had the Confederacy gained Britain's favor, the mighty English navy could have been a factor in terms of supplies, and perhaps more.

1. It was President Lincoln's hometown.
   It was full of gold.
2. It controlled the river.

The Confederacy used Vickburg as a stronghold to control the huge Mississippi River. The South needed Vicksburg, and the North knew it.

1. about 24 hours
   about two years
2. about 40 days

Union troops laid siege to Vicksburg for 40 days and inside the city, food grew so scarce that people were starving, eating rats and shoe leather. Finally, the South had to surrender, and it cost them the vital Mississippi River.

1. Iowa
   New York
2. Arkansas

The South lost the Battle of Helena, which began in part because Confederate troops were racing to support their besieged comrades at Vicksburg. Their defeat here rolled back Confederate missions in Arkansas.

1. Atlanta
   Memphis
2. Jackson

Sherman's vicious rampage through the South began with a siege of Atlanta. If he could conquer this major city, the South would crumble.

1. Abner Doubleday
   Ulysses S. Grant
2. Robert Anderson

The Union victory at the Battle of Fort Donelson didn't just give the North a win. It gave rise to the legend of Ulysses S. Grant, who got his famous "Unconditional Surrender" nickname at this fight.

1. General Lee
   President Lincoln
2. General Sherman

Union General Sherman took his men east from Atlanta in a "March to the Sea," using a scorched-earth policy to destroy anything of use to the rebels. His mercililess acts were effective, but brutal to civilians.

1. Battle of Antietam
   Battle of Gettysburg
2. Second Battle of Bull Run

In July 1863, the Union triumphed at the Battle of Gettysburg, vanquishing one of their primary foes in Robert E. Lee. But Lee was far from giving up, and the war went on for two more years.

1. William Tecumseh
   George Patton
2. Ulysses S. Grant

In 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted, becoming the general of Union forces. The future president created a war strategy that pressed the Confederacy from multiple directions … and it worked.

1. It helped the Confederacy win two big battles.
   It sparked a major comeback for the South.
2. It didn't affect the war.

Lincoln's 1865 murder came as the Confederacy was in a death spiral. The was was essentially already over, making the assassination rather pointless, except as an act of revenge.