1. Decomposition
   Hypothermia
2. Frostbite
   Extremity forfeiture

Frostbite is when a living organism experiences their external cells freezing. When cells freeze, they undergo large amounts of stress and damage, which can result in amputation in severe cases.

1. Research recent news articles
   Ask friends what they do
2. Nothing
   Prepare

Adequate preparation is the best tool for combating certain issues that may arise during the winter. Preparedness can come from making emergency kits and knowing what to do in given situations.

1. Air temperature
   Humidity
2. Wind chill
   Precipitation

Wind chill can be a very dangerous phenomenon because it can drastically lower a person's body temperature since it is constantly whisking heat away and replacing it with cold air.

1. Exposure to the elements
   The wind chill
2. Whether a person is wet or not
   The amount of sunlight one receives

The three most crucial things to worry about are wind, exposure and water. If a person becomes wet in cold weather, it will be more difficult for their body to maintain its temperature and wet extremities are more at risk for frostbite.

1. Starvation
   Dehydration
2. Hypothermia
   Frostbite

Hypothermia is the leading cause of death in winter emergencies. That is because it is extremely easy to lose body heat in certain conditions and hard to return said heat to the body without proper care.

1. Side-swiping
   Salmon spawning
2. Fishtailing
   Zig-zagging

While a fishtailing vehicle can take a driver by surprise, the tactic for maintaining control comes down to keeping the vehicle pointed in the direction that you are attempting to travel.

1. Have a backup heating source
   Open the windows so that the heater will trigger on
2. Turn the faucets on so that they're dripping
   Shrink your living space

At no point should you open your windows, this will only let heat out! Turning the faucets on helps prevent them from freezing, and a backup heating element and smaller living space makes it easier to keep warm.

1. The metallic underside of the bridge causes it to freeze
   They have excess moisture
2. The material they're made of makes them easier to freeze
   Cold air circulates above and below

There are often signs on the road that read "Bridge Ices Before Road." This is because the bridge is not only being chilled from the top, like the rest of the road, but also the bottom!

1. The ones near your heart
   The ones furthest from your heart
2. Body parts that are smaller in size
   Body parts that aren't covered in hair

Frostbite is most likely to set in on body parts that are furthest from one's heart, since blood circulation is what helps keep them warm. This is why frostbite victims often lose toes, finger and ears before anything else.

1. Check on your neighbors
   Turn on the weather radio/local news station
2. Stay off the roads
   Bring your generator into the main living space

While generators can be helpful in power outages, they should not be brought inside. Generators are best kept outside and away from windows, where they can still provide heat but do not create a risk for carbon monoxide poisoning.

1. So your car's engine doesn't become overworked
   In order to avoid damaging your exhaust system
2. To prevent carbon monoxide poisoning
   To improve gas mileage

Another sneaky killer during the colder months is carbon monoxide poisoning. It is important to ensure that proper ventilation is maintained when starting your car or heating your home.

1. Black
   Red
2. Green
   White

Red is the best choice for letting other vehicles know that you need help. This is because it is most likely to attract attention and it is easier to see against the snow, as well as during the night.

1. A lantern
   A Mylar blanket
2. A cell phone
   Your key fob

Cell phones and other communication devices can have their batteries quickly drained when exposed to extremely frigid weather. It is best to keep them close to your body for warmth.

1. Resupply your emergency kits
   Discuss what can be done better in the future
2. Talk to your neighbors and friends about what they did
   All of the above

Each winter emergency is an opportunity to learn and be more prepared for future disasters! Be sure to replenish anything that you used in your emergency kits, make any necessary upgrades to your kit or your plan, and see what others did that could be added to your plan for next time.

1. Winter Storm Watch
   Winter Storm Warning
2. Blizzard Watch
   Blizzard Warning

The parameter that determines whether a weather event is classified as a winter storm instead of a blizzard comes down to wind speed. If the wind is blowing at less than 35 miles per hour, it is categorized as a winter storm.

1. Winter Weather Watch
   Winter Weather Warning
2. Blizzard Watch
   Blizzard Warning

In addition to wind speeds that reach above 35 miles per hour, a Blizzard Warning also comes with heavy amounts of snow or blustery conditions that limit visibility to less than a quarter of a mile.

1. When you can't see enough to drive
   When you go blind due to the light reflecting off of the snow
2. When you can't decipher whether something is snow or just white in color
   The term given to those who become confused due to hypothermia

Snow blindness is caused by high amounts of albedo, which is when light is reflected off certain surfaces. The increased amount of light is enough to cause you to get a sunburn on your cornea.

1. Two
   Three
2. Four
   Five

There are three definable stages of hypothermia. The first stage consists of body shivers and a lowered ability to circulate blood. The second stage is met with confusion and tiredness. The advanced stage is when pulse and breathing slows or stops completely.

1. Suffocation
   Hypothermia
2. Body being crushed
   Concussion

The most common cause of death for those who get caught in avalanches and other snow piles is suffocation. A dwindling air supply can be helped by digging out a pocket-sized area near your mouth.

1. Turn your wheels entirely to one side or another
   Turn off traction control
2. Let some air out of your tires
   Let your wheels spin

While some of the items on the list might seem counter-intuitive, they can help when you're stuck! Less air in your tires means more surface area has contact with the ground. As for traction control, it is better to be off in this situation since the purpose of traction control is to keep your vehicle on the pavement.

1. It keeps moisture away from your body.
   The extra layers prevent the wind from penetrating your inner warmth.
2. It's easier to manage your temperature to stay comfortable.
   This idea is a myth, since layering isn't actually useful.

Layers are an essential tactic to use in order to maintain one's body heat. With layers, body temperature regulation is more easily controlled and can help keep a person warm while also preventing sweating.

1. The layers provide insulation.
   The layers keep your heat in your body.
2. The layers trap the heat that is trying to escape your body in the air pockets between the layers.
   It is harder for the cold to penetrate multiple layers.

The primary reason it is important to wear layers in the winter is because as the human body gives off heat, it is then trapped in the air between layers, making you your own best space heater!

1. Take them to a warmer location
   Cover up the area with blankets
2. Rub the area to create heat
   Remove any wet clothing

If it appears that someone has frostbite, do NOT rub the area. Frostbite damages the body's tissues that have been exposed to the cold and rubbing the area could cause even more damage.

1. Blood is thicker and harder to pump
   People become more easily exerted in the cold
2. People are getting less exercise
   The added stress of winter driving

Heart attacks are more common in the winter because the cold weather causes one's heart to have to work harder. When shoveling snow or taking care of other things outside, it's important not to overwork one's self.

1. This allows you to see any questionable sediment
   This prevents the bottle from cracking
2. This makes it so the valve and lid will work even if the water is frozen
   The air bubbles that collect at the top will be warmer

Dehydration is a big concern, even in winter months. To help with this, people should store their water bottles upside down. This will allow them to function still if the water ends up freezing or becoming slushy.

1. Sink stepping
   Pocket walking
2. Anchoring
   Post-holing

It is important to avoid post-holing when walking in the snow, which can be done with a walking stick. By avoiding the sinking, you conserve more energy since you do not constantly have to pull yourself out of snow mounds.

1. Turn your wheels in the direction you want to go
   Quickly hit the brakes and brace yourself
2. Slowly push down on the brakes, with the steering wheel centered
   Turn your wheels in the opposite direction you want to go

It is best to keep your wheels pointed towards the direction you want to go. This is because at any point, the tires could catch some traction. If that happens, it's better to be prepared and ready to steer in the correct direction.

1. Snow has dehydrating qualities
   Snow can be filled with harmful chemicals
2. Your body processes snow too efficiently
   Snow doesn't aid in hydration

Snow itself is made up of mostly air, which can make it hard to hydrate with snow alone. Snow should be melted with an external heat source prior to drinking to conserve body heat and to ensure that someone is getting enough liquids.

1. Dig in the direction their head is facing
   Listen for birds and dig towards the sound
2. Watch for light peaking through the snow
   Spit

One thing that causes people to die in winter emergencies is not being prepared. However, if caught in a pile of snow, spitting is a quick way to figure out which direction to dig. Simply spit, see which direction the saliva falls and dig in the opposite direction.

1. Inaccessible shelter
   Frozen water source
2. Starvation
   Hypothermia

It is important to ensure that grazing animals and other livestock have access to a water supply that will not freeze in extreme conditions. Without it, they can die of dehydration.

1. Damage caused by ice dams on the roof
   Flooding in the basement from melting snow
2. Windows cracked from severe cold
   Items destroyed during the storm

Flood insurance is typically not a piece of homeowner's insurance, meaning it needs to be purchased separately. This is especially important in areas that deal with a large amount of snowmelt in the spring.

1. One to two days
   Two to five days
2. Within a week
   Within 10 days

Winter Storm Outlooks are used to give people adequate time to prepare for blizzards and other kinds of winter storms. The weather conditions that are in place when a Winter Storm Outlook is announced are likely to result in a storm.

1. 97 degrees
   96 degrees
2. 95 degrees
   94 degrees

Hypothermia is when the human body cannot make heat fast enough to regulate its core temperature. The first signs of hypothermia are shivering and decreased circulation in certain body parts.

1. Blankets
   Newspapers
2. Kitty litter
   A compass

Blankets are valuable items to keep in one's car in order to help stay warm on the off chance that a person becomes stranded. Kitty litter can be used to create traction and newspapers can be used for insulation.

1. Polyester or nylon
   Wool
2. Cotton
   Spandex

Polyester or nylon clothing makes a great base layer because these materials are known for their moisture-wicking abilities. By staying dry, one is less likely to experience issues.