1. true
2. false

Governments hire private contractors quite often, despite having standing militaries. But a controversial aspect of this line of work is that major corporations are also able to afford them, suggesting "private armies" that operating in the Third World, carrying out agendas that might run counter to the aims of a country's government, or the well-being of its people.

1. money
   adventure
2. underlying political beliefs
   Motives can't always be clearly assigned.

Despite the name, ("mercenary" comes from the Latin word for "price") foreign and un-enlisted soldiers fight for a variety of reasons -- including philosophical ones. This might include, for example, young Americans and Canadians of Irish descent who fought for Irish Independence in the early 20th Century.

1. Europe
   North America
2. Australia
   none of these

Don't rest easy if you live in a civilized, First World democracy -- your government is probably using a private contractor within its own borders, on domestic security issues. According to experts on PMCs, these companies operate on every continent but one -- Antarctica.

1. Cyprus
   France
2. Japan
   Australia

The French Foreign Legion isn't exclusively made up of non-French soldiers, but it is open to enlistment by them. A drawing card is French citizenship for those who serve three years, or sooner, if they are wounded in service to the Foreign Legion.

1. Algeria
   the Congo
2. Germany
   Vietnam

France was a major colonial power in centuries past (though they don't like to be reminded of this by Americans!) One of the countries they occupied was the African country of Algeria, where the Foreign Legion served in the 1830s and 1840s.

1. true
2. false

The Geneva Convention is a post-WWII treaty that defines the rights of those captured in wartime. Employees of PMCs cannot expect to fall under the Geneva Convention if they are captured in a foreign conflict.

1. bodyguarding a foreign leader
   guarding an armory
2. negotiating a peace treaty
   driving supplies to and from bases

A lot of a private military contractor's job is low-level soldiering work -- a far cry from what paperback adventure novels would have us believe. Diplomacy is carried out by political leaders, not hired soldiers.

1. fate
   fortune
2. all trades
   all lands

The term "soldier of fortune" has a double meaning. "Fortune" can mean "fate" or "luck," meaning that the mercenary goes where the winds of fate blow him. Or it can refer to the money a mercenary demands for his skills.

1. air patrols/flying
   arms trading
2. scouting/reconaissance
   sailing/naval duties

The early navy of the United States, during the time of the Revolutionary War, was made up of privateers -- ships and captains authorized by the Continental Congress to defend the new country's shores. However, "privateer" is often a delicate way of saying "pirate."

1. Blackwater
   Close Protection
2. the Ford Group
   DynCorp

Blackwater contracted with the US government for security work in Iraq, but became notorious after its employees killed 17 Iraqi civilians in Baghdad. It has since changed its name (twice, if you're counting). The original name came from the swampy Virginia land where its training facility was located.

1. an ex-Air Force pilot named Marc Steele
   an ex-Green Beret named Dominick Lord
2. an ex-Navy SEAL named Erik Prince
   an ex-RAF pilot named Clive Sterling

Leave it to Blackwater to have a founder with such an appropriately dashing name. Prince's partner in his early days was Al Clark, who is rarely named alongside him on first references to Blackwater. (We wonder why ...)

1. Academi
   Artes Belli
2. Regis
   Final Outcome

About two years after the killings of Iraqi civilians in Nisour Square, Blackwater became Xe. At this time the founder and CEO stepped down, and an ethics program was launched. The current name was adopted by a group of investors who took over Xe in 2011.

1. true
2. false

The hiring of private military contractors by private corporations or organizations is controversial. However, few people would argue with their use in the prevention of rare-animal poaching in Africa and Asia. This is one example of humanitarian use of PMCs.

1. Canada
   Germany
2. South Africa
   the United States

Executive Outcomes was dissolved in 2004. It had come under frequent criticism from media watchdogs, inspiring headlines like "Peace, Profit or Plunder?"

1. private military contracting company
   magazine
2. brand of ammunition
   all of these

"Soldier of Fortune" magazine was founded in the 1970s. It was controversial for allowing mercenaries (whether real or self-styled) to advertise in its classified ads. This led to several contract killings, and then lawsuits against SoF, which were all settled out of court. The magazine finally ceased to accept such ads in the 1990s.

1. the Abu Ghraib prison abuses
   the Iran-Contra affair
2. the My Lai massacre
   the Tailhook groping incident

Lt. Col. North was implicated in the sale of arms to Iran by the Reagan administration. The proceeds were to be funneled to the "contras" of Nicaragua, to support their attempt to overthrow the Communist government. (It's complicated; we suggest you look it up if you're interested in the details). Suffice it to say that North's reputation survived, and he became a Fox News host as well as an SoF contributor.

1. Ireland
   Italy
2. New Zealand
   South Africa

This criticism has come from within the country and from the international community. South Africa has a sharp rich-poor divide, and critics point out that the poor are undefended, as only the rich can afford private security. South Africa does have a police force, but many consider it to be underfunded, which the prevalence of PMCs only perpetuates.

1. 1 contractor to 4 officers
   1 contractor to 2 officers
2. 1 contractor to 1 officer
   2.5 contractors to 1 officer

It's hard to believe, but this is the ratio according to recent estimates. It underscores the nation's reliance on this industry.

1. Custer Battles
   Control Risks
2. Raytheon
   Northbridge Services Group

Control Risks is based in the UK. Sidenote: Isn't the name of one of these US companies, "Custer Battles," bad marketing? Didn't Custer's last battle go pretty badly?

1. true
2. false

While PMC companies prefer to advertise themselves as being in the line of "executive protection," i.e. bodyguarding, sometimes the protection has to be after the fact. While governments frown on paying for hostage release, private companies do so, and PMCs aid in the negotiations and logistics.

1. Control Risks
   GS4
2. Kroll Inc.
   Raytheon

Kroll is one of the biggest names in private investigation, with offices all over the world. They do not, however, offer services in the area of "soldiering."

1. 1 billion
   5 billion
2. 10 billion
   100 billion

Bear in mind, too, that this figure was estimated in the early 2000s. It's likely to be even higher now.

1. Executive Outcomes
   G4S
2. Titan
   none of these

Notice the "dryness" of the names -- contrary to common marketing strategies, PMCs often choose names as "unsexy" as possible. The less attention-grabbing the name, the better.

1. true
2. false

If anything, the role of private security contractors has become more important since the withdrawal. This highlights the complicated role of private contractors, who offer a government a discreet way to continue a military engagement while officially "withdrawing the flag."

1. 5 percent
   10 percent
2. 30 percent
   45 percent

Obviously, numbers are harder to keep track of when there isn't one central agency -- like the Department of Defense -- keeping statistics. But private contractors have hardly been exempt from the human cost of these foreign wars.

1. true
2. false

Agents of Titan Corporation and CACI, both American companies, were implicated in the prisoner abuses. However, they were not prosecuted, which underscores the slippery legal status of private guards and soldiers in wartime situations.

1. Argentina
   Colombia
2. Ecuador
   Surinam

President George W. Bush co-authored "Plan Colombia" with Colombian President Andres Pastrana. The plan to combat drug smuggling and the left-wing insurgency included both regular US military and PMC support.

1. China
   India
2. Belize
   Mexico

Technically, Gurkhas served the British Army as well, while England was the colonial ruler of India. Gurkhas were soldiers from nearby Nepal.

1. Hannibal
   Plato
2. Machiavelli
   Sun Tzu

Machiavelli wrote that a leader who hired private soldiers could not count on them to take the kind of risks as soldiers who were fighting for home and country. He also feared that a mercenary army grown too powerful might simply decide to overthrow the government that hired it.

1. Britain's Special Air Service
   the US Coast Guard
2. the French Foreign Legion
   the US Air Force

Two SAS veterans, David Stirling and John Woodhouse, founded the company. It was the dawn of a new age for an endeavor with a long history.

1. Angola
   Libya
2. Vietnam
   Surinam

Gaddafi (sometimes written "Khaddafi") was the longtime strongman of Libya, a nation famously closed off to Western influence and trade. The failed coup took place in 1971, after which SAS's founders respectively stepped down (Woodhouse) or took on a reduced role in the company (Stirling).

1. the American Revolutionary War
   the Jacobite Rising of 1745
2. the War of Austrian Secession
   the Anglo-Mysore War

Hessians made up about 25 percent of the British troops sent to quell the American rebellion. They are memorialized, in part, in "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," in which the Headless Horseman is the ghost of a Hessian who died in the war.

1. Erinys
   the Ford Group
2. the Pinkerton Agency
   Control Risks

Although "the Pinkertons" were commonly called a detective agency, they operated a lot like a PMC in their early days, contracting to do law-enforcement work for the federal government. They were especially known for their "investigation" into labor unions -- which was thinly-veiled union busting (see also "the Coal and Iron Police" of Pennsylvania).

1. It folded in the 1920s due to its bad reputation.
   It essentially became the FBI.
2. It was bought by a larger, international security firm.
   No one knows.

The Pinkerton Agency survived the hits to its reputation, the rise of the FBI, and the proliferation of other PI agencies. It continued to operate into the 20th century and was bought by Swedish firm Securitas in 1999.

1. Blood and Red Soil
   The Dogs of War
2. Cry Rhodesia
   The Undesirables

The story is about soldiers hired to depose the leader of a fictional African country. The title comes from Shakespeare: "Cry havoc, and let slip the dogs of war!" (in "Julius Caesar").